Cardiovascular System (Blood) Table Review

Cardiovascular System (Blood) Question If an individual's erythrocytes exhibit antigen D, the person is said to be Rh negative True or False The exchange of fluid between blood and interstitial fluid is primarily determined by the distribution of _____ between these fluids In a patient, the differential count shows neutrophil levels are very high, This may indicate a(n) Release histamine, which promotes inflammation The cytoplasm is a thin ring around the nucleus Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain bright red with eosin. The most common type of white blood Two- to four-lobed nuclei Enlarge and become macrophages which engulf foreign substance Contain large cytoplasmic granules that stain dark blue or purple with basic dyes Factor that is the initial stimulus for the release of EPO Plasma is composed of about ____% water Component of whole blood that plays the greatest role in maintaining normal fluid levels in the cardiovascular system and preventing fluid loss Approximately 5 million cells per microliter (μL) of blood Approximately 16 grams (g)/100mL of blood Approximately 46% of the total blood volume Approximately 7000 cells per microliter of blood 250,000-400,000 per microliter of blood The "buffy coat" consists of The first stage of hemostasis is _________, where the damaged blood vessel constricts suddenly A simple protein that makes up approximately 58% of the plasma proteins. Many act as transport molecules A simple protein that makes up approximately 38% of the plasma proteins. Many act as part of the immune system A protein that forms blood clots Plasma without the clotting factors The liquid portion of blood connective tissue The most abundant formed elements of blood is/are Function of platelets About 95% of the volume of the formed elements; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Most of the remaining 5% of the volume of the formed elements; are involved in immunity Tiny cell fragments involved in blood clotting The red pigmented protein in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide is called Under the microscope, a leukocyte has a bilobed nucleus and pink granules in the cytoplasm. This is probably a(n) Platelets are formed from The cell fragments that are a component of blood are Leukocytes enter the tissues from blood vessels by a process called _____________ when they squeeze between endothelial cells of the blood vessel walls Answer False Ions and proteins bacterial infection Basophils Lymphocytes Eosinophils Neutrophils Neutrophils Monocytes Basophils A decrease in blood oxygen 92% Plasma Red blood count (RBC) Hemoglobin Hematocrit White blood count (WBC) Platelet Leukocytes and platelets Vascular spasm Albumin Globulin Fibrin Serum Plasma Erythrocytes Platelets secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting Red blood cells (RBCs) White blood cells (WBCs) [Leukocytes] Platelets [Thrombocytes] Hemoglobin Eosinophil Pieces of the megakaryocyte breaking off Platelets Diapedesis When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the iron of hemoglobin is transported in the blood by the globulin protein____________ and stored in the liver by the protein _________ Transferrin; ferritin Identify the substances transported by blood Waste products Ions Formed elements Dissolved materials Hormones Blood helps regulate body temperature by absorbing heat from body cells, especially the heat producing _________ ________ and releases the heat primarily through the blood vessels Which components of whole blood provide protective functions for the body? Compared to water, blood ________ The general classes of cell components of whole blood are ______ Plasma is ______% of whole blood Formed elements are ______% of whole blood Erythrocytes are _______% of whole blood Leukocytes and platelets are ______% of whole blood "The percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood" is the __________definition of hematocrit, whereas "the percentage of formed elements in whole blood" is the ________ definition of hematocrit Identify components of plasma that will be found in similar concentrations to that of interstitial fluid The plasma proteins most important for maintaining fluid balance in the cardiovascular system are the ________ Following trauma to the walls of blood vessels, __________ is converted into long, insoluble strands of _________, which help form a blood clot As they pass through small blood vessels, erythrocytes may pack together, single-file, like a roll of coins; this formation is called __________ An average of about _____% of erythrocytes are removed from circulation per day The cells in the organs that remove old and/or damaged erythrocytes are called ____________ skeletal muscle Plasma Leukocytes Platelets is more viscous Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets 55% 45% 44% <1% clinical; medical dictionary Electrolytes Waste products Nurtrients Albumins Fibrinogen; Fibrin A rouleau (rouleaux) 1% Macrophages When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the globin proteins _______________ are broken down to amino acids, which can be used to make erythrocytes or any other protein The erythrocytes of an individual who is Rh negative (Rh) ________ antigen D. do not have Description of: Type O+ Blood Description of: Type AB+ Blood Description of: Type A- Blood Description of: Type B+ Blood Description of: Type O- Blood Description of: Type AB- Blood Description of: Type A+ Blood Description of: Type B- Blood _________ are Y-shaped proteins that are designed to recognize and immobilize specific antigens that are perceived as foreign to the body To test compatibility of blood types between a donor and a recipient, a specific blood test called a(n) ____________ test must be performed In a healthy adult, ____________% of leukocytes will by lymphocytes The five types of leukocytes in order form most to least abundant: Neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophil In a healthy adult, _______% of leukocytes will be eosinophils Anti-A antibodies, anti-B antibodies, Rh antigen D ABO antigen A, ABO antigen B, Rh antigen D ABO antigen A, anti-B antibodies ABO antigen B, anti-A antibodies, Rh antigen D Anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies ABO antigen A, ABO antigen B ABO antigen A, anti-B antibodies, Rh antigen D ABO antigen B, anti-A antibodies Antibodies Agglutination 20-40% 1. Neutrophils 2. Lymphocytes 3. Monocytes 4. Eosinophils 5. Basophils 1-4% A neutrophil is about _____ times larger in diameter than an erythrocyte; is named for its neutral or pale-staining _________; and has a light iliac colored ________ The function(s) of eosinophils is to ____________. When an erythrocyte is removed from circulation, the iron ion of hemoglobin ____________. Leukocytes and plasma proteins protects the body against potentially harmful substances which are also part of the ___________ system The formed elements in order form most to least abundant per unit of whole blood is _______________ The plasma component least likely, under normal conditions to be present in the same amount in interstitial fluid is ___________ __________ exert the greatest colloid osmotic pressure to maintain blood volume and blood pressure Erythrocytes circulate in the bloodstream for approximately __________. In the blood of a healthy adult, _______% of leukocytes will be neutrophils The least abundant white blood cell in circulating blood is the ________ In a neutrophil you would find a ____________ Most leukocytes release molecules that facilitate their role as defenders of the body. The type of substance released by eosinophils is(are) ______________ When a person's eosinophil count is elevated, it is most likely because they have recently _________ Been infected by a parasitic worm Had an allergic reaction Had the flu Had a heart attack Had a bacterial or viral infection Basophils are about _________ times larger in diameter than erythrocytes, and while erythrocytes are the most abundant formed elements, basophils are the _______ abundant When a person's basophil count is elevated, it is most likely because they have recently _______ Been infected by a parasitic worm Had an allergic reaction Had the flu Had a heart attack Had a bacterial or viral infection An increase in small blood vessel diameter, called __________, and in permeability that occur when basophils release _________ may be accompanied by swollen nasal membranes, watery eyes and runny nose When a person's lymphocyte count is elevated, they have recently ____________ Been infected by a parasitic worm Had an allergic reaction Had the flu Had a heart attack Been infected by foreign cells Most leukocytes release molecules that facilitate their role as defenders of the body. They type of substance released by lymphocytes is(are) _____________ Three main types of lymphocytes are ____________ cells, ____________ cells, and natural __________ cells. In a healthy adult, monocytes constitute about ________% of total leukocytes Conditions that may result in an elevation in the number of leukocytes in the bloodstream include __________. exposure to a bone marrow-damaging toxin a recent infection stress _____________ represent a malignant transformation of a leukocyte cell line, and as abnormal leukocytes increase in number, the erythrocytic lines typically decrease in numbers Leukemia __________. is cancer or malignancy in leukocyte-forming stem cells is characterized by abnormal proliferation of while blood cells involves only leukocytes that develop from the myeloid stem cell 1.5; granules; cytoplasm phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens is transported by transferrin to the liver or bone marrow immune erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes protein Albumin 120 days 50-70% Basophil 2-5 lobed nucleus with iliac-colored cytoplasm Substances that attack parasitic worms Been infected by a parasitic worm Had an allergic reaction 2; least had an allergic reaction Vasodilation, histamine Been infected by foreign cells Had the flu antibodies and molecules that coordinate immune responses T; B; killer 2-8 a recent infection stress Leukemia is cancer or malignancy in leukocyte-forming stem cells is characterized by abnormal proliferation of while blood cells The alternate medical term for 'platelet' is _________ The precursor cell from which platelets are derived or formed is called a __________ The function of lymphocytes is to _________. Phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, and dead cells Attack abnormal body cells Phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria Coordinate immune responses Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens thrombocyte The nucleus of a basophil is best described as ______________. Bilobed, obscured by blue-violet darkstaining cytoplasmic granules In a healthy adult, basophils constitute about _________% of total leukocytes The primary classification of leukemias is based on their rate of development and duration; those that progress rapidly are called ______________ leukemias, and those that develop and progress more slowly are called _______________ leukemias Platelets are produced in the ____________. Plasma protein that is 58% of plasma protein total Plasma protein that is 37% of plasma protein total Plasma protein that is 4% of plasma protein total Plasma protein that is <1% of plasma protein total ________________ contribute to the transport function of blood Albumins Beta globulins Regulatory proteins Fibrinogens Alpha globulins Gamma globulins The liquid portion of whole blood is called _________; the liquid portion of blood that has had clotting proteins removed is called _________ The conversion of fibrinogen to _______ is the critical step in the formation of a blood clot Plasma contains ___________ but serum does not Order the steps of hemostasis: Coagulation phase Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Hemoglobin ______ is a pigment is suspended in the cytosol of erythrocytes is found in the erythrocyte plasma membrane is a protein gives erythrocytes their shape transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide When some oxygen has been delivered to tissues and some carbon dioxide has been picked up, blood ___________ The binding of ______________ to hemoglobin gives arterial blood its bright red color A hemoglobin molecule consists of two polypeptides called ______________ chains (globins) and two polypeptides called _____________ chains (globins. ___________ describes the method called 'blood doping' Each hemoglobin molecule can transport a maximum of __________ oxygen molecules Carbon dioxide binds to the globin protein molecule as blood moves through ______________ capillaries and is released as blood moves through the __________ capillaries A ____________ is the initial stimulus for the release of EPO Who has a higher hematocrit? Males or Females Which type of anemia is described as: Characterized by a higher circulating number of immature, nucleated erythroblasts Which type of anemia is described as: An autosomal recessive mutation causes an altered shape in hemoglobin, and thus erythrocytes, which are more prone to hemolysis Which type of anemia is described as: Often genetically determined, malformation of erythrocyte membrane proteins When a unit of blood is donated, the blood is ________. Tested for hep. and AIDS Frozen, after testing, until needed Separated so that the erythrocytes, platelets, and clotting factors can be used for more than 1 recipient Treated w/ an anticoagulant 0.5-1 megakaryocyte Attack abnormal body cells Coordinate immune responses acute; chronic red bone marrow Albumin Globulins Fibrinogen Regulatory proteins Albumins Beta globulins Regulatory proteins Alpha globulins plasma; serum fibrin Fibrinogen Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Coagulation phase is a pigment is suspended in the cytosol of erythrocytes is a protein transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide is deep red in color oxygen alpha; beta Self-donation of erythrocytes four systemic, lung Decrease in blood oxygen Males Erythroblastic anemia Sickle cell disease Congenital hemolytic anemia Tested for hep and AIDS Separated so that the erythrocytes, platelets, and clotting factors can be used for more than 1 recipient Treated w/ an anticoagulant If the plasma of a blood sample contains the anti-B, and not the anti-A antibodies, the ABO blood type is ______. A blood sample containing erythrocytes with neither surface antigen A nor surface antigen B on the plasma membrane is ABO blood type _____. Antibodies to Rh antigen D will be found in the plasma _________ of an Rh+ individual but not in the plasma of an Rh- individual without prior exposure to an antigen the individual does not posses. In an Rh- individual who has been exposed to Rh+ blood The consequences of the clumping of erythrocytes in an agglutination reaction include ___? The greatest risk for severe illness and even death of an unborn fetus occurs when? 2nd pregnancy, Rh- mom with second Rh+ fetus 2nd pregnancy, Rh- mom with second Rh+ fetus 2nd pregnancy, Rhmom with second Rh+ fetus The red color of arterial blood is due to the presence of ___________ hemoglobin in erythrocytes After delivering some oxygen to body cells, blood is no longer saturated with oxygen and is said to be ________. Patients who are anemic may be prescribed a synthetic hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis that their kidneys no longer make enough of. This hormone is often abused by endurance athletes to boost their oxygen-carrying capacity. This hormone is _______ The ability of hemoglobin to transport carbon dioxide is the result of a weak association between carbon dioxide and _______. What is erythropoietin? A O in an Rh- individual who has been exposed to Rh+ blood Blockage of small blood vessels by the clumps Hemolysis or rupture of the erythrocytes Impedance of blood flow by by the clumped erythrocytes 2nd pregnancy, Rh- mother with second Rh+ fetus Hemoglobin Deoxygenated Erythropoietin The globin protein It stimulates development of erythrocytes prior exposure to an antigen the Antibodies to antigens of the ABO antigens may be present _______. Without individual does not possess Transfusion of a blood type incompatible with that of the recipient causes a chain reaction called ________, in which the recipient's agglutination; antibodies; erythrocytes _________ link and clump the donated ___________. What formed element(s) develops from a Hemocytoblast? All formed elements Erythrocytes, granulocytes, platelets, What formed element(s) develops from a Myeloid stem cell? monocytes What formed element(s) develops from a Lymphoid stem cell? Leukocytes of the immune response Correctly spell the name of each type of formed element _________, erythrocyte; leukocyte; platelet __________, and __________ release factor XII Factor XI changes Order the events during intrinsic pathway to coagulation: Factor XI Platelets inactive factor IX to active factor IX Factor changes inactive factor IX to active factor IX Platelets release VIII changes inactive factor X to active factor factor XII Factor VIII changes inactive factor X to active factor X X By weight, plasma is approximately _____% protein and 92% water; other substances such as electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and wastes 8; 1 make up a little less than ___% of plasma Blood is described based on which of the following characteristics? pH, Viscosity, Color, Plasma Concentration, pH, Viscosity, Color, Plasma Concentration, Mass, Volume Volume Temperature Temperature __________ have specific granules in their cytosol that are clearly Granulocytes visible when viewed with a microscope True or False Clotting factor numbers are in order of their discovery True and not their position in the clotting pathway The bone marrow cell from which all formed elements are derived is considered to be a __________ because many, but not all, body cells Multipotent stem cell can develop from it Division of blood stem cells and their development into more specific and committed precursor cells is stimulated by ___? Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) Hormones Histamine and heparin Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and growth factors Antibodies and lysozomes Hormones and growth factors Life span of erythrocytes? 120 days Life span of platelets? 8-10 days Life span of leukocytes? Put the cells in order during erythrocyte development: 1Erythroblast 2-Erythrocyte 3-Proerythroblast 4-Normoblast 5Reticulocyte hours to years Function of G-CSF Speeds up the synthesis of granulocytes from myeloblast cells Speeds up the synthesis of granulocytes and monocytes from their progenitor cells Stimulates production of monocytes from monoblasts Stimulates production of megakaryocytes and platelets Speeds up production erythrocyte progenitor and erythroblast cells 3 million per second Function of GM-CSF Function of M-CSF Function of Thrombopoietin Function of Erythropoietin (EPO) New erythrocytes are produced at a rate of _______ The processes of megakaryocytes from which platelets are derived - portions of the plasma membrane surrounding cytoplasm - that extend between endothelial cells of blood vessels and are called _________ From myeloid stem cell to erythrocyte, the process of erythropoiesis takes ___________. Identify the result of the sympathetic response to blood loss: Increased force of heart contraction Decreased vasoconstriction Increased heart rate A plasma protein called the von _________ factor, helps create the platelet plug Blood coagulation is a process that requires ________, clotting factors, platelets and vitamin _____ The __________ pathway is the coagulation pathway that usually takes approximately 15 seconds The destruction of the fibrin of a blood clot is called ___________ __________ is a contractile protein that squeezes the serum out of a developing blood clot The synthesis of formed elements is called ____________ _________% of plasma is made of plasma proteins A vascular spasm _______ the amount of blood flowing through the blood vessel A vascular spasm usually lasts __________. ___________ is a list of the formed elements in order from largest to smallest in size ___________ in whole blood plays the greatest role in maintaining normal fluid levels in the cardiovascular system and preventing fluid loss In coagulation, __________ is activated to fibrin __________ in whole blood is responsible for clotting the blood and preventing blood loss from damaged vessels The first cells to make blood in an embryo are located in the _____. Components of whole blood are more correctly called "formed elements" rather than "cells" because _______ The substance that stimulates the myeloid stem cell to form the progenitor cell of thrombopoiesis is ________ Blood contains _____ that exert osmotic pressure to pull fluid back into the capillaries to help maintain normal fluid Normally, the concentration of protein is higher in _________ than in _________. The only formed elements that are nucleated when mature are the __________ The blood clotting factor proconvertin activates factor _________ 3- Proerythroblast 1- erythroblast 4normoblast 5-reticulocyte 2-erythrocyte Proplatelets 6-7 days Increased force of heart contraction Increased heart rate Willebrand Calcium, K Extrinsic Fibrinolysis Actinomyosin Hemopoiesis 7% Decreases A few minutes Leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets Plasma Fibrinogen Platelets Yolk sac Platelets are just cell fragments and mature erythrocytes don't have a nucleus or organelles multi-CSF Ions and proteins plasma, interstitial fluid Leukocytes X Under the influence of thrombopoietin, a megakaryoblast becomes Megakaryocyte a _________. Proaccelerin is also called Factor _____. V