Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Reviewer 1

PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY REVIEWER 1 GROUP IA – ALKALI METALS Hydrogen (H) • Lightest element, flammable • Use: Inflating balloons Lithium (Li) • Lightest metal • Use: Heat exchanger in air conditioners Important Compounds: • Lithium bromide (LiBr) – Depressant • Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) – Drug of choice for mania o Note: Also used in bipolar disorder Sodium (Na) – Most abundant extracellular cation, regulates fluid retention Sodium Compounds: • Sodium acetate – Diuretic, urinary alkalinizer, antacid • Sodium bicarbonate – Systemic antacid, effervescent agent o Side effect: Systemic alkalosis, rebound hyperacidity • Sodium dihydrogen phosphate – Cathartic, urinary acidifier • Sodium metabisulfite / bisulfate (NaHSO3) – Water-soluble antioxidant • Sodium carbonate – Antacid, carbonating agent • Sodium chloride (NaCl) – Electrolyte replenisher, condiment o NSS = 0.9% NaCl; Ringer's = NaCl + KCl + CaCl2 • Sodium citrate – Anticoagulant, expectorant • Sodium fluoride (NaF) – Anticariogenic • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) – Saponifying agent (makes soaps) • Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) – Disinfectant, bleaching agent • Sodium iodide (NaI) – Expectorant, iodine solubilizer • Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) – Vasodilator, antidote for cyanide poisoning • Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) – Meat preservative • Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) – Cathartic, aka Glauber’s salt • Sodium tartrate – Primary standard for Karl Fischer reagent • Sodium thiocyanate – Hypotensive agent • Sodium thiosulfate – Cyanide antidote, aka Photographer’s hypo Potassium (K) – Most abundant intracellular cation, vital for muscular contraction Potassium Compounds: • Potassium acetate – Diuretic, antacid • Potassium bicarbonate – Antacid, carbonating agent • Potassium bitartrate (cream of tartar) – Laxative • Potassium bromide – Depressant, sedative • Potassium carbonate – Antacid, carbonating agent • Potassium chlorate – Oxidizing, deodorant, toothpaste ingredient • Potassium chloride (KCl) – Electrolyte replenisher • Potassium citrate – Diuretic, expectorant • Potassium hydroxide (KOH) – Saponifying agent • Potassium iodide (KI) – Expectorant, iodine solubilizer • Potassium nitrate (KNO3) – Preservative, aka Saltpeter • Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) – Oxidizing agent, Antidote for strychnine • Potassium sodium tartrate – Cathartic, chelating agent • Sulfurated potash – Used in white lotion Cesium (Cs) – Catalyst in resin polymerization, radioactive • Cesium chloride (CsCl) – Used in density gradient centrifugation Ammonium (NH4+) – Hypothetical alkali metal • Uses: Diuretic, expectorant, buffer, anticariogenic Ammonium Compounds: • Ammonium bromide – Sedative, depressant • Ammonium carbonate – Expectorant, component of Aromatic Ammonia Spirit • Ammonium chloride – Diuretic, expectorant, urinary acidifier • Ammonium iodide – Expectorant GROUP IB – COINAGE METALS Copper (Cu) – Reddish metal, 3rd most malleable, 3rd best electrical conductor • Note: Cu poisoning = Wilson’s Disease, antidote: Penicillamine Compounds: • Copper sulfate (CuSO4) – Emetic, antidote for phosphorus poisoning, component in Fehling's, Benedict's, Barfoed's solutions • Copper acetoarsenate (Paris green) – Insecticide Silver (Ag) – 2nd most malleable, Oligodynamic action, causes argyria (gray skin) • Antidote: NSS (forms AgCl) Compounds: • Silver nitrate (AgNO3) – Caustic, treats warts, gonorrhea conjunctivitis • Tollen's reagent (Ag(NH3)2NO3) – Dental protective • Silver iodide (AgI) – Germicide • Silver proteinates: o Mild (Argyrol) – Eye antiseptic o Strong (Protargol) – ENT antiseptic o Colloidal (Collargol) – Germicide Gold (Au) – Most malleable, best electrical conductor • Uses: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (Aurothioglucose, Gold sodium thiomalate, Auronofin) • Note: Soluble in aqua regia (3:1 HCl:HNO3) GROUP IIA – ALKALINE EARTH METALS Magnesium (Mg) – 2nd most abundant intracellular cation, in chlorophyll, natural calcium channel blocker Compounds: • Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) – Antacid, laxative • Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia) – Antacid, laxative • Magnesium oxide (MgO) – Component of universal antidote • Magnesium trisilicate – Protective ulcer coating, prolonged antacid effect • Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) – Cathartic, eclampsia treatment • Hydrated magnesium silicate (Talc) – Dusting powder, softest mineral • Magnesium citrate – Cathartic, lemonade purgante Calcium (Ca) – 2nd most abundant extracellular cation, essential for muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, bone/teeth Compounds: • Calcium bromide – Sedative • Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) – Antacid, rebound hyperacidity • Calcium chloride (CaCl2) – Electrolyte replenisher • Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) – Saponifying agent • Calcium oxide (quicklime) – Used in insecticides • Calcium phosphate – Antacid, aka bone ash • Calcium hypochlorite – Disinfectant, bleaching • Calcium sulfate – Plaster of Paris, used in casts Strontium (Sr) – Red flame, used in Sensodyne (SrCl2) Barium (Ba) – Green flame, used in GIT imaging (BaSO4) Radium (Ra) – Radioactive, discovered by Marie Curie GROUP IIB – VOLATILE METALS (ZINC FAMILY) Zinc (Zn) – Found in insulin, used in batteries, antiseptic, antiperspirant Compounds: • Zinc chloride – Mouthwash ingredient, dentin desensitizer • Zinc peroxide – Antiseptic • Zinc sulfate – Emetic, astringent, white lotion component • Zinc sulfide – Active white lotion ingredient • Hydrated zinc silicate – Anti-itch, natural calamine • Zinc-eugenol cement – Dental use Cadmium (Cd) – Causes Itai-itai disease, antidote: BAL • Compounds: CdCl2 (emetic), CdSO4 (eye antiseptic), CdS (antiseborrheic) Mercury (Hg) – Causes Minamata disease, toxic, forms amalgams • Compounds: o Calomel (Hg2Cl2) – Cathartic o HgCl2 – Disinfectant, corrosive o Hg2I – Anti-syphilis o K2HgI4 (Mayer’s reagent) – Alkaloid test o HgNH2Cl (White precipitate) – Topical anti-infective o HgO (Yellow precipitate) – Ophthalmic antiseptic GROUP IIIA – BORON FAMILY Boron (B) – Used in rubber vulcanization • Boric acid (H3BO3) – Buffer, eyewash (lobster red poisoning) • Sodium tetraborate (Borax) – Eyewash, Dobell's solution Aluminum (Al) – Most abundant metal, causes Shaver’s disease • Uses: Astringent, antiperspirant, deodorant, burn therapy (Al foil)