Answer Key Chapter Creating New Social Orders Colonial Societies, 1500–1700

Answer Key Chapter: Creating New Social Orders: Colonial Societies, 1500–1700 1. Which of the following was a goal of the Spanish in their destruction of Fort Caroline? a. establishing a foothold from which to battle the Timucua b. claiming a safe place to house the New World treasures that would be shipped back to Spain c. reducing the threat of French privateers d. locating a site for the establishment of Santa Fe 2. Why did the Spanish build Castillo de San Marcos? a. to protect the local Timucua b. to defend against imperial challengers c. as a seat for visiting Spanish royalty d. to house visiting delegates from rival imperial powers 3. How did the Pueblo attempt to maintain their autonomy in the face of Spanish settlement? 4. What was patroonship? a. a Dutch ship used for transporting beaver furs b. a Dutch system of patronage that encouraged the arts c. a Dutch system of granting tracts of land in New Netherland to encourage colonization d. a Dutch style of hat trimmed with beaver fur from New Netherland 5. Which religious order joined the French settlement in Canada and tried to convert the natives to Christianity? a. Franciscans b. Calvinists c. Anglicans d. Jesuits 6. How did the French and Dutch colonists differ in their religious expectations? How did both compare to Spanish colonists? 7. What was the most lucrative product of the Chesapeake colonies? a. corn b. tobacco c. gold and silver d. enslaved people 8. What was the primary cause of Bacon’s Rebellion? a. former indentured servants wanted more opportunities to expand their territory b. Enslaved Africans wanted better treatment c. Susquahannock Natives wanted the Jamestown settlers to pay a fair price for their land d. Jamestown politicians were jockeying for power 9. The founders of the Plymouth colony were: a. Puritans b. Catholics c. Anglicans d. Jesuits 10. Which of the following is not true of the Puritan religion? a. It required close reading of scripture. b. Church membership required a conversion narrative. c. Literacy was crucial. d. Only men could participate. 11. How did the Chesapeake colonists solve their labor problems? 12. What was the Middle Passage? a. the fabled sea route from Europe to the Far East b. the land route from Europe to Africa c. the transatlantic journey that enslaved Africans made to America d. the line between the northern and southern colonies 13. Which of the following is not an item Europeans introduced to Native Americans? a. wampum b. glass beads c. copper kettles d. metal tools 14. How did European muskets change life for native peoples in the Americas? 15. Compare and contrast European and Native American views on property. Critical Thinking Questions 16. Compare and contrast life in the Spanish, French, Dutch, and English colonies, differentiating between the Chesapeake Bay and New England colonies. Who were the colonizers? What were their purposes in being there? How did they interact with their environments and the native inhabitants of the lands on which they settled? 17. Describe the attempts of the various European colonists to convert native peoples to their belief systems. How did these attempts compare to one another? What were the results of each effort? 18. How did chattel slavery differ from indentured servitude? How did the former system come to replace the latter? What were the results of this shift? 19. What impact did Europeans have on their New World environments—native peoples and their communities as well as land, plants, and animals? Conversely, what impact did the New World’s native inhabitants, land, plants, and animals have on Europeans? How did the interaction of European and Native American societies, together, shape a world that was truly “new”? Answer Key 1. c. reducing the threat of French privateers 2. b. to defend against imperial challengers 3. The Pueblo attempted to maintain their autonomy in the face of Spanish settlement by organizing resistance movements, such as the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, and preserving aspects of their culture and religion despite Spanish efforts to convert them to Christianity. 4. c. a Dutch system of granting tracts of land in New Netherland to encourage colonization 5. d. Jesuits 6. The French colonists in Canada were primarily Catholic and focused on converting Native Americans to Christianity, while the Dutch colonists were more concerned with trade and commerce and had a more tolerant approach to religion. Both differed from Spanish colonists in their religious motivations, with the Spanish often prioritizing conversion and spreading Catholicism. 7. b. tobacco 8. a. former indentured servants wanted more opportunities to expand their territory 9. a. Puritans 10. d. Only men could participate. 11. The Chesapeake colonists primarily solved their labor problems through the use of indentured servants, who were individuals who agreed to work for a set period of time in exchange for passage to the New World and eventual freedom. 12. c. the transatlantic journey that enslaved Africans made to America 13. a. wampum 14. European muskets changed life for native peoples in the Americas by altering the balance of power in conflicts, facilitating hunting and warfare, and contributing to changes in social dynamics and intertribal relations. 15. European views on property tended to prioritize individual ownership and private property rights, while Native American views often emphasized communal ownership and stewardship of the land. Europeans often sought to privatize land through deeds and titles, while Native Americans practiced more flexible and communal forms of land use and ownership. Critical Thinking Questions: 16. The Spanish, French, Dutch, and English colonies differed in their colonizers, purposes, interactions with the environment, and relationships with native inhabitants. The Spanish focused on extracting wealth through mining and plantation agriculture, often through forced labor systems like encomienda and slavery. The French prioritized trade and missionary work, establishing trading posts and attempting to convert Native Americans to Christianity. The Dutch were primarily interested in trade and commerce, establishing New Netherland as a trading hub with a diverse population. The English colonies were established for various reasons, including economic opportunities, religious freedom, and political motives. New England colonies were characterized by Puritan settlement and a focus on agriculture and trade, while the Chesapeake Bay colonies were primarily focused on tobacco cultivation and relied heavily on indentured servitude and later, slavery. 17. European colonists attempted to convert native peoples to their belief systems through various means, including missionary work, coercion, and cultural assimilation. The results varied, with some native peoples adopting Christianity to varying degrees, while others resisted conversion or blended Christian beliefs with their traditional practices. The effectiveness of these efforts depended on factors such as the strategies employed by missionaries, the receptiveness of native communities, and the degree of cultural exchange. 18. Chattel slavery differed from indentured servitude in that slaves were considered property for life and had no legal rights, while indentured servants were contracted to work for a set period of time in exchange for passage to the New World and eventual freedom. Chattel slavery replaced indentured servitude in the Americas due to factors such as the demand for labor in plantation economies, the profitability of slave labor, and the racialized nature of slavery in the New World. The shift to chattel slavery had profound social, economic, and political consequences, including the entrenchment of racial hierarchies and the perpetuation of systems of oppression. 19. Europeans had significant impacts on their New World environments, including the displacement and devastation of native peoples and cultures, the introduction of new crops, animals, and diseases, and the transformation of landscapes through agriculture and resource extraction. Conversely, Native American societies shaped European perceptions and practices through the exchange of goods, knowledge, and cultural practices, contributing to the emergence of a new global exchange of ideas, goods, and peoples. The interaction of European and Native American societies resulted in profound changes to both worlds, shaping a "new" world characterized by cultural exchange, conflict, and adaptation.