The Nobel Prizes

THE NOBEL PRIZES The Nobel Prizes were established by the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor, engineer, and industrialist, who is best known for inventing dynamite. Nobel left the majority of his wealth to fund the prizes, which were first awarded in 1901. Here is a brief history of the Nobel Prizes: 1. Alfred Nobel's Will (1895): Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament on November 27, 1895, leaving the bulk of his fortune to fund five prizes in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, and Peace. The Nobel Foundation was established to manage the funds and award the prizes. 2. First Nobel Prizes (1901): The first Nobel Prizes were awarded on December 10, 1901, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. The prizes were awarded in the categories of Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, and Peace. The recipients included Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen for Physics, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff for Chemistry, Emil Adolf von Behring for Medicine, Sully Prudhomme for Literature, and Henry Dunant and Frédéric Passy for Peace. 3. Expansion of Prize Categories: Over the years, the Nobel Prizes expanded to include additional categories. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics, was established in 1968. 4. Controversies and Criticisms: The Nobel Prizes have not been without controversies and criticisms. Some critics argue that the selection process is biased or that certain fields, such as mathematics, are not recognized with a Nobel Prize. 5. Impact and Legacy: Despite the controversies, the Nobel Prizes remain among the most prestigious awards in the world. They have recognized some of the greatest minds and achievements in various fields, and the laureates are seen as leaders in their respective fields. Today, the Nobel Prizes continue to be awarded annually, with recipients selected by committees of experts in each field. The prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden, for all categories except the Peace Prize, which is awarded in Oslo, Norway. The Nobel Prizes are a testament to Alfred Nobel's vision of recognizing and rewarding those who have made significant contributions to humanity. Here is a list of Nobel Prize winners from the beginning of the Nobel Prizes until now: Nobel Prize in Physics:  1901: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen  1902: Hendrik Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman  1903: Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, and Marie Curie  1904: Lord Rayleigh  1905: Philipp Lenard  2021: Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann, and Giorgio Parisi  2020: Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel, and Andrea Ghez  2019: James Peebles, Michel Mayor, and Didier Queloz  2018: Arthur Ashkin, Gérard Mourou, and Donna Strickland  2017: Rainer Weiss, Barry C. Barish, and Kip S. Thorne Nobel Prize in Chemistry:  1901: Jacobus H. van 't Hoff  1902: Hermann Emil Fischer  1903: Svante Arrhenius  1904: William Ramsay  1905: Adolf von Baeyer  2021: Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan  2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna  2019: John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino  2018: Frances H. Arnold, George P. Smith, and Sir Gregory P. Winter  2017: Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine:  1901: Emil von Behring  1902: Ronald Ross  1903: Niels Ryberg Finsen  1904: Ivan Pavlov  1905: Robert Koch  2021: David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian  2020: Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton, and Charles M. Rice  2019: William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe, and Gregg L. Semenza  2018: James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo  2017: Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young Nobel Prize in Literature:  1901: Sully Prudhomme  1902: Theodor Mommsen  1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson  1904: Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray  1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz  2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah  2020: Louise Glück  2019: Peter Handke  2018: Olga Tokarczuk  2017: Kazuo Ishiguro Nobel Peace Prize:  1901: Henry Dunant, Frédéric Passy  1902: Élie Ducommun, Charles Albert Gobat  1903: William Randal Cremer  1904: Institut de Droit International  1905: Bertha von Suttner  2021: Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov  2020: World Food Programme  2019: Abiy Ahmed  2018: Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad  2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences:  1969: Ragnar Frisch, Jan Tinbergen  1970: Paul Samuelson  1971: Simon Kuznets  1972: John Hicks, Kenneth Arrow  1973: Wassily Leontief  2021: David Card, Joshua D. Angrist, and Guido W. Imbens  2020: Paul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson  2019: Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer  2018: William D. Nordhaus and Paul M. Romer  2017: Richard H. Thaler