Historical Themes - World Broadcasting History

World Broadcasting History The history of the world broadcast media began when a German physicist named Heinrich Hertz in 1887 managed to send and receive radio waves. Hertz's efforts were then continued by Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) from Italy who successfully sent morse signals – in the form of dots and lines from a transmitter to a receiver. Marconi successfully crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1901 using electromagnetic waves. Before World War I broke out, Reginald Fessenden with the help of the American company General Elektric Corporation managed to create a high-speed radio wave generator that can transmit human voice and also music. Meanwhile, a vacuum tube called audion was also successfully created. The invention of audion made receiving radio waves much easier. Radio initially tended to be underestimated and attention to the new invention was only given as a means of transmission technology. Radio is more widely used by the military and government for the needs of delivering information and news. Radio is more used by the authorities for purposes related to ideology and politics in general. The role of radio in conveying messages began to be recognized in 1909 when the information transmitted by radio managed to save all the passengers of an ocean liner that had an accident and drowned. Radio became a tested medium in conveying information quickly and accurately so that everyone began to glance at this medium. The first radio plane was created, it has a large and unattractive shape and is difficult to use because it uses electricity from large batteries. Using a radio aircraft when it requires patience and sufficient knowledge of electronics. In 1926, the radio manufacturing company managed to improve the quality of its products. Radio planes already use electricity at home to be more practical. Using two knobs to search for signals, the antenna and its appearance better resemble furniture equipment. In 1925 to 1930, as many as 17 million radio aircraft were sold to the public and began the era of radio into the mass media. Munvul first station when an engineer named Frank Conrad in Pittsbrugh U.S., in 1920 on a whim as part hobby, build a radio transmitter is in his garage. Conrad broadcast songs, announced the results of sports matches and broadcast musical instruments that his own son played. In a short time, Conrad managed to get a lot of listeners as well as increasing sales of radio aircraft at that time. The radio station that Conrad built was later named KDKA and is still on the air today, making it the oldest radio station in America and possibly also in the world. Along with the emergence of various radio stations, the role of radio as a mass media grew larger and began to show its power in influencing society. In 1983, the people of Manhattan, New Jersey, United States panicked and uproar and many fled out of town when the CBS radio station aired a radio drama Uyang tells extraterrestrial beings invade Earth. Although it has already been explained that the events of the raid were only in radio broadcasts. But most people don't believe it right away. In the history of broadcasting, the event was recorded as the most dramatic broadcast effect that has ever occurred on Earth. Network Radio Following the success of Frank Conrad building the first radio station, other radio stations sprang up in various regions in America. The radio station broadcasts information and entertainment programs to the people of its region (local stations). In general, various radio stations produce their own programs. Initially, radio stations did not really question the cost of producing their programs, but over time they felt that the budget for program production was becoming an increasingly heavy burden. This condition led to the idea to build a radio broadcast with a network system. The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) was the first to establish this network in 1926. With the network system, NBC offers programs to a portion of radio stations in various regions that are available as network members (affiliate stations). Thus various radio stations are connected to each other to form a network. FM Radio In the mid-1930s, Edwin Howard Armstrong invented radio using frequency modulation (FM). Armstrong's radio invention was different from the radio that was on the market at that time that used AM frequency (amplitude modulation). Fm Radio has a better sound quality, clear and free from broadcast interference (static). Armstrong then demonstrated his invention to David Sarnoff, chairman of the radio Corporation coporation America (RCA) which is a company that makes radio aircraft AM systems, so that it can be further developed. But RCA was more interested in developing television. Rejected, Armstrong sold the rights to his invention to several other companies. Sarnoff, realizing his mistake, again approached Armstrong and offered him a million dollars, a huge sum at the time, to buy the rights to the FM radio, but to his dismay, Armstrong turned it down. Unfortunately, Armstrong's invention had not been developed perfectly because of the outbreak of World War II. In addition to the war, the development of FM radio was also delayed because the industry at that time was more interested in developing television. FM Radio only appeared in the community in the early 1960s along with the opening of several FM radio stations. FM radio stations take advantage of the advantages of FM sound by playing rock music because it is considered more suitable with the FM frequency. Television The principle of television was proposed by Paul Nipkow from Germany in 1884 but in 1928 Vladimir Zworkyn (United States) invented the camera tube or iconoscope to work converting images from optical images into electronic signals to be amplified and superimposed into radio waves. Zworkyn with the help of Philo Farnsworth managed to create the first television set that was shown to the public at the world's Fair meeting in 1939. The emergence of television was initially taken for granted by the public. The price of television sets when it was still expensive, but it is not yet available many programsto be watched. Television presenters at that time even doubted the future of television, they were not sure that television could develop so rapidly. Television presenters at that time, had to wear thick blue makeup in order to look normal when appearing on television screens. They also had to swallow salt tablets to reduce the sweat that flooded their bodies due to the very high intensity of the studio lights, causing the performers to be very hot. The 2nd World War stopped the development of television. But after the war, new technologies that had been perfected during the War, managed to push the progress of television. New television cameras no longer need a lot of lightso that the performers in thestudio are no longer overheated.in addition, the television screen has become larger, there are more n=many programs available and a number of local television stations began to form networks. The future of television is starting to look promising. Initially in 1945, there were only television stations and 8000 television sets increased to almost 100 stations while the number of households with television sets reached 35 million households or 67 percent of total households. The development of the television industry in the US followed the radio model to form networks. Local television stations in addition to airing local programs also cooperate with three television networks, namely CBS, NBC and ABC. Like radio, the three television networks are the main source of programming for their affiliated stations. All television programs were originally broadcast live. Opera performances in New York became television's favorite programs and were broadcast live. At that time there was no sound and image storage cassette (videotape). The television presenter must repeat the show several times so that it can be broadcast on another occasion. In 1956, Ampex Corporation developed videotape as an inexpensive and efficient way to store the sound and images of television programs. In the early 1960s ha, pir entire programs that were originally broadcast live, were altered and stored on videotape. Color television sets were introduced to the public in the 1950s. Color television broadcasting was first implemented by NBC television stations in 1960 by showing color broadcast programs for three hours each day. CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1 In this law what is meant by : 1. Broadcasting is the activity of broadcasting through transmitting and/or transmitting facilities in the West, at sea or in space by using electromagnetic waves, cables, optical fibers, and /or other media to be received by the public with television broadcast receivers, or other electronic devices with or without AIDS.