States of Matter and the Particle Theory

Science Review States of Matter:​ Solid -​ definite shape and volume -​ Strong intermolecular forces -​ Resistance to external forces -​ Particles are close together, strongly attracted -​ Locked in pattern and vibrate in place -​ Spaces between particles are small Liquid -​ definite volume but not a definite shape -​ Particles are slightly farther apart -​ Able to slide past each other because less attracted -​ Bigger space between particles Gas -​ No definite shape or volume -​ Particles are far apart -​ Move in any direction because attraction is weak -​ Expand to fill up their container Particle Theory:​ Rules:​ 1. All matter is made up of tiny particles ​ 2. There are spaces between the particles of matter 3. Particles of matter are always moving because they have kinetic energy 4. Temperature affects the speed which particles move 5. There are forces of attraction between the particles 6. There are different kinds of particles but all particles on one substance are identical *4 = Heat makes particles move faster and farther apart, which is how changing of states happen, heat makes particles vibrate faster, until they “bump” into each other, denting the attraction field Condensation - Gas → Liquid Freezing - Liquid → Solid Sublimation - Solid → Gas ​ Melting - Solid → Liquid Evaporation - Liquid → Gas ​ Deposition - Gas → Solid Pure substances - made of just one element or compound Element - single atoms or many of the same type of atoms bonded together Compound - two or more different elements that are chemically combined Mixtures - more than just one element or compound, no chemical reaction and not bonded chemically Homogenous/Solution: two or more types of particles but only look like one type, organized and uniform Heterogeneous/Mechanical Mixture: two or more types of particles, you can see and feel the different types, not uniform, separate components of the mixture Solute - the substance that is being dissolved into the other substance Solvent - the substance that dissolves the other substance, larger part of solution Universal solvent - water as it can dissolve more substances than other liquids ​ How do solutions form?​ If particles of one substance are more attracted to particles of another substance than they are to themselves, they will form a solution. Particles on the surface of the solute will break away and begin to fill the spaces between the solvent particles until all the solute particles are evenly mixed between the solvent particles. Solid solutions - solid solutes and solvents, like 14 karat gold, 14 parts gold and 10 parts other metals, is called alloys Dissolving - when larger crystals of particles within a solute break up into smaller groups because of the solvent. The particles of the solute spread out and mix with the particles of the solvent Concentration - the amount of a solute dissolved in a specific amount of solvent or solution​ Solubility - the ability to be dissolved Insoluble - incapable to be dissolved Dilute - make a liquid thinner by adding more solvent Concentrated - lots of solute compared to solvent Unsaturated - if more solute can be dissolved in the solvent Saturated - solution that has reached its maximum solubility Supersaturated - a saturated solution heated to be more saturated than normal Factors affecting solubility: -​ Concentration The higher the concentration, the less soluble the solute becomes. This is because there is a limit to how much solute can be dissolved. -​ Temperature When we heat up a solvent, it can dissolve more solid materials and less gas. -​ Pressure We can dissolve more gas under higher pressure. A can of soda in a pressurized can allows for more carbon dioxide to dissolve in the solvent. -​ Size Smaller molecules are more easily dissolved than larger ones because easier to separate and higher surface area around particles Solubility using numbers: 5g / 500ml can be 1g / 100 ml or 1/100 or 1% solution How to separate mixtures: Distillation - This is used to separate a solvent from a solution. This works by heating the solution, turning the liquid into a gas. The gas is then passed through a cold surface, allowing condensation to happen, and thus turning back into a liquid. Evaporation - Evaporation is used to separate a solid from a liquid. Heat is added to the solution, turning the liquid into a gas. Then, the solid residue is left behind. Filtration - This is used to isolate a solid from a liquid using a filter paper. The filter paper traps the solid, while letting the liquid go through. This works because the particles are different sizes. Magnetic attraction/magnetism - you can separate non-magnetic substances from magnetic ones using the magnet’s attraction. Using a magnet, it will collect magnetic substances and separate the mixture. Sifting - this method separates mixtures by size using a mesh or screen or sieve. When the mixture is put through this, larger particles will remain in the sieve while smaller particles will go through the sieve. This separates them. Matter: -​ Mass and volume: Mass is the amount of matter in an object whereas volume is the amount of space an object holds. -​ Mass is everything and everywhere, anything that takes up space or can be weighed -​ Energy is not matter, like sunlight or sound -​ Mass describes the amount of matter something has. It is measured in g or kg -​ Volume of liquid is measured in l or ml -​ Displacement of water is how much water it moves for its mass -​ Volume of object = volume of water after adding object minus volume of water before adding object -​ Meniscus, downwards curve, read from bottom Particles: A small portion of matter, could be anything Atom: smallest type of particles, cannot be divided further (element)​ Molecule: group of atoms bonded together (compound) Disposal of pure substances and mixtures in the environment Sewage system: this collects solutions, water from our sinks, toilets, bathes Primary Treatment: Using methods like sifting, mechanical mixtures are removed. Items like garbage, solids, rocks etc. This leaves liquid, the solids all gone.​ Secondary Treatment: The liquid is cleared through a process of aeration. In here, lots of air is mixed in, which allows for substances to keep breaking down. Thus, more contaminants are removed from the water. ​ Tertiary Treatment: Chemicals like chlorine are added. These chemicals kill germs and disinfect the water, purifying it. Recycling: this collects paper, certain type of plastics, Manual Labour: Workers manually sort through the items to make sure they are all recyclable​ Sifting: Rotary screens are used to get rid of large items like cardboard boxes​ Magnetic Separation: Magnets sort the metal out of the system​ Optical Sorting: Optical scanners identify types of plastics and sort them accordingly​ Air Classification: Air classifiers blows off lighter materials, leaving behind glass and metal Landfills: this collects trash that cannot be disposed any other way, and is non hazardous The waste is dumped in a landfill, where the trash is compressed, then soil is added atop. After the landfill’s components of storing trash are full, the surface can be repurposed towards parks. Composting: this collects organic material like food Microorganisms like fungi break down the organic matter and it gets reabsorbed into the soil, the nutrients reused. Household hazardous waste: this collects hazardous waste that cannot be disposed in landfills They collect: Batteries, Electronics, Paints, Pesticides, Medications, Motor oil, Cleaning products, Cooking oil, and Lamps. They don’t collect: Asbestos, Radioactive waste, and PCB contaminated waste. Impact: -​ Short term: Water pollution: from the chemicals we dump -​ Long term: mutation in animals, cancer and other diseases in humans, trash in our waterways and green spaces, and the destruction of many natural resources.