Theory Holometabola Study Notes

Theory : Holometabola Holometabolanamely insects that undergo complete metamorphosis. The stages of the insect cycle that undergo complete metamorphosis are egg – larva – pupa – imago. Larvae are young animals whose shape and characteristics are different from adults. The pupa is a cocoon where at that time the insect does not carry out activities, at that time perfection and organ formation occur. Imago is the adult phase or reproductive phase. Based on the characteristics of the wings and mouthparts, groupsHolometabolaThis includes 6 orders, namely: 1.Neuroptera 2.Lepidoptera 3.Diptera 4.Coleoptera 5.Siphonoptera 6.Hymenoptera Next, study the description of each order, starting withorder Neuroptera. a.Order Neuroptera(net-winged insect) The characteristics of this insect are its biting mouth, and it has two pairs of wings whose veins are shaped like nets. Example: undur-undur – complete metamorphosis (life cycle: egg, larva, pupa (cocoon), imago). b.Order Lepidoptera(scale-winged) Characteristics of the orderLepidoptera: has 2 pairs of wings covered with scales. complete metamorphosis, that is, it has a life cycle: egg – larva – pupa (pupa) – imago. Pupa onLepidopteracan be divided into two, namely: Pupa mummy: the body part of the cocoon is visible from the outside and pupa cocoon, the body part of the pupa is protected by the cocoon. Type of sucking mouth with a suction device in the form of a proboscis that can be extended.Order Lepidopteradivided into 2 sub orders: 1) Suborder Rhopalocera(day butterfly), for example: - Coconut pests (Avoid irava) - Banana leaf pests (Erlonata thrax) - Pastor butterfly (Papiliomemnon) - Butterfly butterfly (Attacus atlas) 2) Suborder Heterocera(night butterfly), often also called moth. Active at night. If you land on the wings, the wings are horizontal to form muscles. For example: - Earthworms (Agrotis ipsilon) - Jengkol caterpillar (Plusia signata) - Silkworm butterfly (Bombyx mori) c.Order Diptera(two winged insects/pair) Characteristic featuresorder Diptera: has a pair of front wings, and one pair of hind wings turned into a balance tool calleddumbbell. Experiencing complete metamorphosis, there is a type of mouth that pierces and sucks or licks and sucks, forming a proboscis-like mouthpart called a proboscis. For example: Flies (Musca domestica), common mosquito (Culex natigans) MosquitoAnopheles,Aedes(host of dengue fever virus). d.Order Coleoptera(winged shield) Characteristic featuresorder Coleoptera: having two pairs of wings. The front wings are hard, thick and contain a horny substance called elitera, the hind wings are membrane-like. Experiencing complete metamorphosis. Biting mouth type. Example: Coconut beetle (Orytec rhynoceros) attacks the shoots of coconuts, ferns, sago palms, oil palms and others. Water beast beetle (Dystisticus marginalis). Rice weevil (Calandra oryzae). e.Order Siphonoptera(flea nation) Characteristic featuresorder Siphonoptera: This insect has no wings, its legs are very strong and useful for jumping. Has a single eye. Sucking mouth type. Body segmentation is unclear (the boundaries between head – chest and abdomen are not clear). Complete metamorphosis. Example: Human fleas (Pubex irritans), dog fleas (Ctenocephalus canis), cat fleas (Ctenocephalus felis), rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis), fleas on mice can transmit plague germs. f.Order Hymenoptera(membrane winged) Characteristic featuresorder Hymenoptera: having two pairs of wings, thin like membranes. Biting mouth type. Example: Honey bee (Apis mellifera), Honeysucking beetles (Xylocopa) usually make holes in wood in house building