Lab Skill 2 & 3: Porifera and Cnidaria

LAB SKILL 2 & 3 PORIFERA AND CNIDARIA I. Basic theory Porifera are also known as porous animals. Compared to protozoa, the body of structure of porifera is more complex. Poriferous bodies no longer consist of one cell but are composed of many cells. Based on their embryonic history and the special characteristics possessed by porifera, some experts include porifera in the group of parazoa or side animals. Most of the porifera live in the sea except the family Spongillidaewho live in fresh water. Phyllum Profera is divided into three classes, namely: Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and Demospongia.Cnidarians or Coelenterata consist of three classes, namely Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa (jellyfish) and Anthozoa (anemones and coral). All were characterized by the presence of gastrovascular cavities and nematocysts. It is diploblasty, has tentacles around the mouth and no anus, the digestive tract system is not perfect. 1.2. Phylum Porifera Based on their embryonic history and the special characteristics possessed by porifera, some experts include porifera in the group of parazoa or side animals. Most of the porifera live in the sea except the familySpongillidae who live in fresh water. In general, porifera have special characteristics, including: a.The body has many pores which are a system of water channels that connect the outside and inside of the body b.Has no means of movement c.The digestive system takes place intracellularly d.The body is supported by mesenchyme and spicules or fibrous material composed of organic material e.Body structure is divided into three types, namely ascon, sycon and rhagon f.Both holozoic and saprozoic g.Reproduce sexually and asexually The classification of this phylum is based on the basic material that forms its body and the type of spicule. a. Class Calcarea or Calcispongi (calcareous spicules) Living in the sea (shallow beaches), the body skeleton is composed of limestone (CaCO3). ExampleLeucosolenia, Scypha, Grantia b. Class Hexactinelida or Hyalospongiae Living in the deep sea, the body is composed of silicate material and hexaxon type spicules. Example:Eupletella, Hyalonema c. Class Demospongiae Living in the sea and fresh water, the body skeleton is composed of silicate material or sponging material or a mixture of silicate and sponging, tetra-axon type spicules or without spicules. Examples:Oscarella, Cliona, Spongilla. 1.2. Phylum Cnidaria a. Class Hydrozoa Lives in fresh water by attaching to objects in the water, for example the roots of aquatic plants, solitary life, cylindrical body that can be extended and shortened. Example:Hydra, Obelia, Hydractinia. b. Class Scyphozoa As the name suggests, this group of animals has a body shaped like a bowl. Example:Aurelia aurita. c. Class Anthozoa All members of this class live in the sea, from the intertidal area to a depth of 6,000 meters, especially in warm waters. It only has a polyp phase because the medusa phase has been reduced. They live sedentary and stick to objects on the seabed. Example:Tubipora, Gorgonia, Cerianthus, Acropora, Fungia, Montipora. II. Tools and materials Tool : 1. Microscope 2. Object glass 3. NaOCl solution 4. Hydra 5. Cover glass 6. Coral 7. Tissue Material : 1. Spongin 2. Spicules III. Ways of working 3.1. How to searchHydrain nature a.Look for a clear, stagnant or slightly flowing water ecosystem that grows water hyacinth or other plants and not many fish. b.Take the roots of water hyacinth or other aquatic plants from several places, then put them in a jam bottle or other container that is opaque, close it and leave a small gap open. c.Leave it overnight, and observe the roots that are close to the hole, usuallyHydrawill stick to the roots near the light entry hole. The characteristics of the hydra are transparent green, the tip has arms, the size is between 0.3 – 1.0 cm. d.take itHydrawith a pipette, place it onobject glassconvex and observe using a microscope. e.Image of morphological structureHydraand explain the parts. f.Make a taxonomic classification. 3.2. Observation of Spicules a.Take a small amount of the Porifera body frame, place it on a glass object and drip it with NaOCl solution b.Observe with a microscope, picture the various spicules observed. c.Based on the spicule, determine its taxonomic position 3.3. Sponge Observation a.Take a small amount of sponge, wash it with clean water, thin it to one layer b.Place it on a glass object, add a little water and observe with a microscope c.Take a sponge, drip it with HCl, observe what happens. d.Write down the results of your observations and make a report. 3.4. Coral Observation Draw and state the type of coral observed, determine its classification according to taxonomic level.