Exam #1 General Sociology Answers

1. The idea of a sociological imagination originated with: C. Wright Mills 2. Sociologists often observe individual people's behavior, even though they are typically analyzing these observations for how they reveal patterns or regularities of social behaviors beyond the individuals themselves. This relates to sociology's focus on ___________. social structure 3. The norms, beliefs, and values that we learn through socialization make __________ possible. social order 4. A child's father is likely to tell the child to "say thank-you" when the child receives a gift. This is an example of: socialization 5. Which sociological theorist first used the word sociology to describe the science that seeks to understand human behavior? Auguste Comte 6. Which sociologist argued that social factors exert a fundamental influence on suicidal behavior? Emile Durkheim 7. Organic solidarity is: when the institutions of society function together as a whole 8. Which early theorist saw class conflict as the main source of social change? Karl Marx 9. According to Karl Marx's materialist conception of history, which of the following would be considered a source of social change in society? the conflict between the working class and the ruling class 10.The economic system in which conflict is inevitable because it is in the interest of the ruling class to exploit the working class and in the interest of workers to overcome that exploitation is called: capitalism 11.Minzee has just been promoted to head assistant of Technology Innovations for the Department of Sociology. She now reports directly to the chairperson of the Technology Committee. Minzee is in charge of digitizing movie clips and sending them to the chairperson, who then loads the clips onto the department website. This chain of command is an example of: bureaucracy 12.The foundational figures in sociology developed theories to address social inequality, exploitation, and stratification, but at the same time they: ignored women and minorities 13.According to W. E. B. Du Bois, African Americans' sense of self and identity are greatly influenced by the experiences of slavery and, after emancipation, segregation. Du Bois labeled this idea: double consciousness 14.Having a _________ allows one to understand the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world. feminist perspective 15.Who had the greatest influence on the theoretical approach known as symbolic interactionism? George Herbert Mead 16.A variety of interpretations can be made of a scene at a restaurant where two men are having lunch together, laughing, and being playful with each other. Who among the following would most likely interpret their behavior by watching for subtle signs of affection and eye contact? a symbolic interactionist 17.Drug trafficking and other illegal activities produce jobs and income for some Americans. Illegal activity in turn produces jobs in law enforcement, corrections, and the legal system. Who might say that drug trafficking has a useful place in society? functionalists 18.Which of the following is an example of microsociology? studying the social interactions in a coffee shop 19.Most sociologists agree that the effect of social media on young adults' sense of themselves is: more often negative than positive 20.Features that are found in virtually all societies are called: cultural universals 21.France passed legislation in 2004 prohibiting the wearing of conspicuous religious attire by students in government-operated schools. Muslims were angered and protested the law. In this scenario, the difference in social practices is an example of a conflict of: norms 22.Jody's daughter has been preparing for a school spelling bee by studying several hours a day. Jody feels that by encouraging this behavior, she is instilling a sense of competition in her children. Competition is an example of an American: 23.The way that a person dresses, holds a knife and fork, and drives a car are examples of: signifiers 24.What type of society is described as having very little inequality, no divisions of rich and poor, few differences in power, emphasis on cooperation rather than competition, participatory decision making, and an elaborate ceremonial life? Hunting and gathering 25._________ societies relied mainly on domesticated animals, while _________ societies grew crops for their livelihood. Pastoral; agrarian 26.Those societies in the global south that have begun to successfully develop industrial systems are known as: emerging economies 27.An example of assimilation would be which of the following? A family from Mexico moves to the United States and adopts mainstream U.S. cultural practices but at the same time loses many of its Mexican cultural practices. 28.The salad bowl metaphor is used to describe: multiculturalism 29.An Amish farmer tilling his fields with a horse and plow might be considered backward by some. This reaction to the farmer is an example of: ethnocentrism 30.Joe is learning from his parents the values and norms of American society. He is going through a process known as: socialization 31.The various transitions and stages people experience during their lives are known as: the life course 32.Diego is going through the most concentrated period of socialization in his life. What is he experiencing? primary socialization 33.Which is the main agent of socialization associated with primary socialization in most modern societies? small-scale families 34.Alma is in later childhood, and her peers, the media, and other social institutions are important socializing forces. She is experiencing: secondary socialization 35.What is an example of the hidden curriculum? encouraging boys to take advanced math and science classes 36.Devah's friends include Victor and Amina. They are all of similar age and social background. Victor and Amina would be part of Devah's: peer group 37.The process of self-development through which we establish a unique sense of who we are as a person and our relationship to the rest of the world is known as: self-identity 38.What is the difference between social identity and self-identity? Social identity focuses on similarities among people, whereas self-identity focuses on individual differences. 39.How is childhood today a different experience from childhood a few hundred years ago? Children today are seen as being in a unique stage, whereas in earlier times, childhood blended with other stages 40.Trevor is assessing his past choices and accomplishments and making new choices that prepare him for the second half of his life. Which stage of the life course is he in? midlife 41.The highest status in traditional cultures was the age-grade of a(n): elder 42.According to George Herbert Mead, children develop a sense of self by: imitating the actions of other people 43.In George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization, when individuals see themselves as others see them, they have accomplished: self-consciousness 44.According to Cooley's theory, the reactions we elicit in social situations create a mirror in which we see ourselves. This mirror is called the: lookingglass self 45.Jean Piaget's theory of child development focuses on the: distinct stages of cognitive development 46.According to Jean Piaget, the ability to understand things from a different perspective does not take place until the: 47.At a social event, you chat with someone you meet about your family, telling them that your brother is older than you and your sister is older than your brother. They then ask you who is the youngest in the family. Jean Piaget would say that this person has not reached the: formal operational stage 48.Whose theoretical approach is most closely tied to Nancy Chodorow's theory of gender development? Sigmund Freud 49.Women are more sensitive and compassionate than men, according to Nancy Chodorow's theory of gender development, because they are: 50.Carol Gilligan (1982) found that men see the emphasis women put on personal relationships and caring for others: as a weakness