The Female Labor Force and Long-run Development Tables

Table 1: GDP per capita and sectoral shares 1890-2000: Selected countries Employment Shares Valued Added Shares Year GDP per capita Agriculture Manufacturing Services Agriculture Manufacturing Services (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 1890 1950 2000 3,391 9,557 28,481 0.427 0.109 0.024 0.272 0.340 0.204 0.190 0.068 0.010 0.350 0.357 0.218 0.460 0.575 0.773 1890 1947 2000 3,429 4,798 20,661 0.321 0.140 0.023 0.415 0.517 0.220 0.110 0.082 0.013 0.440 0.415 0.244 0.451 0.503 0.743 1886 1954 2000 2,237 5,914 20,415 0.470 0.263 0.039 0.257 0.355 0.212 0.273 0.130 0.028 0.390 0.480 0.229 0.337 0.390 0.743 1889 1947 2000 3,502 5,049 22,159 0.365 0.187 0.034 0.316 0.356 0.194 0.319 0.458 0.771 0.208 0.130 0.026 0.321 0.370 0.249 0.471 0.500 0.724 1887 1950 2000 1,586 2,189 15,615 0.694 0.496 0.063 0.160 0.255 0.294 0.147 0.249 0.642 0.336 0.287 0.044 0.280 0.270 0.292 0.384 0.443 0.664 1890 1950 2000 1,769 6,768 20,702 0.581 0.208 0.032 0.234 0.420 0.285 0.304 0.112 0.012 0.271 0.425 0.306 0.424 0.463 0.681 1891 1950 2000 3,976 6,940 20,353 0.157 0.053 0.017 0.436 0.454 0.221 0.410 0.470 0.275 0.500 0.480 0.715 United States 0.301 0.551 0.772 Belgium 0.264 0.343 0.757 France 0.273 0.382 0.749 Netherlands Spain Sweden 0.184 0.372 0.683 United Kingdom 0.407 0.493 0.762 0.090 0.050 0.010 Sources: GDP per capita in 1990 dollars (PPP adjusted) from Maddison (2008). Employment and value added shares from Herrendorf, Rogerson and Valentinyi (2013). Table 2: Female labor force participation and economic development Sixteen developed economies, 1890-2005 Female Male (1) (2) (3) (4) Log GDP per capita -1.178*** (0.251) -1.030** (0.388) -0.846* (0.460) -0.192 (0.478) Log GDP per capita squared 0.072*** (0.014) 0.064** (0.023) 0.053* (0.026) 0.013 (0.027) Constant 5.159*** (1.107) 4.431** (1.637) 3.699* (1.971) 1.661 (2.074) 240 0.449 240 0.518 240 0.725 230 0.784 No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes N R2 Country Effects Year Effects Sources: International Historical Statistics, Mitchell (1998 a,b,c) and International Labor Organization, see data appendix for a full description. Notes: Robust standard errors in parenthesis are clustered at the country level. Years at 5-year intervals. If multiple data points exist the values are averaged over the 5 year period. *** Significant at the 1% level. ** Significant at the 5% level. * Significant at the 10% level. Table 3: Female labor force participation, education gap and GDP per capita Full Sample, 1950-2005 Females (1) (2) (3) Males (4) (5) (6) 15-64 years old Log GDP per capita -1.025*** (0.224) -0.797*** (0.216) -1.126*** (0.195) -0.336* (0.178) -0.351** (0.167) -0.034 (0.057) Log GDP per capita squared 0.063*** (0.013) 0.049*** (0.013) 0.066*** (0.012) 0.020* (0.010) 0.021** (0.010) 0.004 (0.003) Log of Male to Female Yrs School Constant N R2 -0.171*** (0.036) -0.010 (0.032) 4.596*** (0.935) 3.592*** (0.907) 5.146*** (0.827) 1.264* (0.719) 1.340** (0.673) 1.027*** (0.229) 871 0.116 871 0.290 871 0.375 871 0.863 871 0.863 871 0.744 45-59 years old Log GDP per capita -1.328*** (0.257) -1.072*** (0.250) -1.437*** (0.232) -0.436** (0.184) -0.354* (0.181) 0.110** (0.051) Log GDP per capita squared 0.080*** (0.015) 0.064*** (0.015) 0.083*** (0.014) 0.025** (0.011) 0.020* (0.011) -0.006* (0.003) Log of Male to Female Yrs School Constant N R2 Country Effects Year Effects -0.197*** (0.045) 0.051 (0.054) 5.930*** (1.070) 4.763*** (1.047) 6.488*** (0.983) 1.620** (0.752) 1.208 (0.753) 0.523** (0.204) 824 0.137 824 0.298 824 0.367 824 0.893 824 0.894 824 0.744 No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Sources: International Labour Organization, see data appendix for a full description. Education data: Barro-Lee (2010). Notes: Robust standard errors in parenthesis are clustered at the country level. Years are at 5-year intervals. If multiple data points exist the values are averaged over the 5-year period. *** Significant at the 1% level. ** Significant at the 5% level. * Significant at the 10% level. Table 4: Female labor force participation, education gap and GDP per capita Excludes early-OECD Countries, 1950-2005 Females (1) (2) Males (3) (4) (5) (6) 15-64 years old Log GDP per capita -0.755** (0.321) -0.539* (0.288) -0.901*** (0.263) -0.039 (0.231) -0.057 (0.217) 0.023 (0.068) Log GDP per capita squared 0.045** (0.020) 0.032* (0.018) 0.051*** (0.016) 0.002 (0.014) 0.003 (0.013) 0.000 (0.004) Log of Male to Female Yrs School Constant N R2 -0.172*** (0.038) -0.015 (0.032) 3.544*** (1.287) 2.648** (1.175) 4.320*** (1.081) 0.135 (0.910) 0.233 (0.850) 0.789*** (0.270) 669 0.052 669 0.260 669 0.355 669 0.879 669 0.879 669 0.770 45-59 years old Log GDP per capita Log GDP per capita squared -1.026*** (0.375) -0.754** (0.334) -1.150*** (0.312) -0.150 (0.241) -0.092 (0.243) 0.043 (0.065) 0.061** (0.023) 0.043** (0.021) 0.064*** (0.019) 0.008 (0.014) 0.004 (0.015) -0.002 (0.004) Log of Male to Female Yrs School Constant N R2 Country Effects Year Effects -0.195*** (0.047) 0.050 (0.056) 4.753*** (1.496) 3.585*** (1.358) 5.398*** (1.285) 0.550 (0.954) 0.240 (0.963) 0.796*** (0.252) 627 0.093 627 0.298 627 0.372 627 0.910 627 0.911 627 0.756 No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Sources: International Labour Organization. See data appendix for a full description. Education data: Barro-Lee (2010). Notes: Robust standard errors in parenthesis are clustered at the country level. Years are at 5-year intervals. If multiple data points exist the values are averaged over the 5-year period. Excluded OECD countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxemborg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, nited Kingdom, United States. *** Significant at the 1% level. ** Significant at the 5% level. * Significant at the 10% level. Table 5: Clerical work and education, population aged 45-59 F/M Clerical Workers (1) (2) (3) Log of Male to Female Years School -0.700*** (0.188) -0.683*** (0.206) -0.837*** (0.301) Percent Women with Secondary Educ 0.020*** (0.005) 0.025*** (0.005) 0.005 (0.006) Constant 0.759*** (0.170) 0.368* (0.201) 0.686*** (0.242) 354 0.111 354 0.190 354 0.925 No No No Yes Yes Yes N R2 Country Effects Year Effects Sources: International Labor Organization. See data appendix for a full description. Notes: Robust standard errors in parenthesis are clustered at the country level. Years are at 5-year intervals. If multiple data points exist the values are averaged over the 5 year period. ***Significant at the 1% level. **Significant at the 5% level. *Significant at the 10% level. Table 6: Sectoral employment shares by gender and GDP per capita Sixteen developed economies, 1890-2005 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) -1.091** (0.481) -0.137 (0.312) 0.045 (0.026) 0.010 (0.018) 0.313 (1.362) 6.255** (2.159) 510 0.777 -0.810* (0.438) -0.137 (0.317) 0.029 (0.027) 0.010 (0.018) 0.313 (1.384) 5.113** (1.788) 510 0.841 Agriculture Log GDP per capita Female x Log GDP -0.221*** (0.012) 0.047** (0.020) -0.330*** (0.047) 0.047** (0.020) -0.359*** (0.073) 0.047** (0.021) -0.494** (0.198) 2.217*** (0.120) 510 0.719 -0.494** (0.202) 3.053*** (0.353) 510 0.766 -0.494** (0.205) 3.363*** (0.595) 510 0.838 Log GDP per capita squared Female x Log GDP squared Female Constant N R2 Manufacturing Log GDP per capita Female x Log GDP 0.049*** (0.014) -0.087*** (0.009) 0.122*** (0.039) -0.087*** (0.009) 0.265*** (0.045) -0.087*** (0.010) 1.402*** (0.315) -0.564*** (0.125) -0.074*** (0.017) 0.027*** (0.007) 2.718*** (0.539) -6.081*** (1.428) 510 0.713 0.844*** (0.214) -0.564*** (0.127) -0.035** (0.014) 0.027*** (0.007) 2.718*** (0.548) -4.253*** (0.848) 510 0.851 0.624*** (0.089) -0.061 (0.129) 510 0.546 0.624*** (0.091) -0.630** (0.293) 510 0.669 0.624*** (0.092) -1.857*** (0.373) 510 0.844 0.172*** (0.008) 0.040** (0.017) 0.208*** (0.034) 0.040** (0.018) 0.094* (0.047) 0.040** (0.018) -0.130 (0.179) -0.506 (0.386) 510 0.900 -0.311 (0.255) 0.701** (0.266) 0.030* (0.015) -0.037** (0.015) -3.031** (1.155) 0.826 (1.061) 510 0.838 -0.033 (0.301) 0.701** (0.271) 0.006 (0.018) -0.037** (0.015) -3.031** (1.173) 0.140 (1.256) 510 0.903 -0.130 (0.172) -1.156*** (0.067) 510 0.820 -0.130 (0.176) -1.423*** (0.254) 510 0.835 No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Log GDP per capita squared Female x Log GDP squared Female Constant N R2 Services Log GDP per capita Female x Log GDP Log GDP per capita squared Female x Log GDP squared Female Constant N R2 Country Effects Year Effects Sources: International Historical Statistics, Mitchell (1998 a,b,c) and International Labor Organization. Notes: Robust standard errors in parenthesis are clustered at the country level. Years are at 5-year intervals. If multiple data points exist the values are averaged over the 5-year period. ***Significant at the 1% level. **Significant at the 5% level. *Significant at the 10% level. Table 7: Sectoral employment shares by gender and GDP per capita Full Sample, 1950-2005 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) -0.606*** (0.123) -0.524*** (0.175) 0.024*** (0.007) 0.032*** (0.010) 2.076*** (0.713) 3.787*** (0.528) 1360 0.683 -0.408** (0.183) -0.524*** (0.182) 0.017* (0.010) 0.032*** (0.011) 2.076*** (0.744) 2.596*** (0.801) 1360 0.837 Agriculture Log GDP per capita Female x Log GDP -0.219*** (0.007) 0.008 (0.012) -0.214*** (0.008) 0.008 (0.012) -0.106*** (0.024) 0.008 (0.013) -0.123 (0.116) 2.179*** (0.066) 1360 0.649 -0.123 (0.117) 2.164*** (0.069) 1360 0.654 -0.123 (0.122) 1.283*** (0.170) 1360 0.828 Log GDP per capita squared Female x Log GDP squared Female Constant N R2 Manufacturing Log GDP per capita Female x Log GDP 0.099*** (0.005) -0.073*** (0.006) 0.107*** (0.005) -0.073*** (0.006) 0.095*** (0.014) -0.073*** (0.006) 0.448*** (0.082) 0.155* (0.081) -0.020*** (0.005) -0.014*** (0.005) -0.434 (0.331) -1.987*** (0.341) 1360 0.598 0.688*** (0.090) 0.155* (0.085) -0.035*** (0.005) -0.014*** (0.005) -0.434 (0.345) -2.999*** (0.392) 1360 0.790 0.509*** (0.049) -0.546*** (0.043) 1360 0.509 0.509*** (0.050) -0.579*** (0.045) 1360 0.549 0.509*** (0.052) -0.468*** (0.101) 1360 0.754 0.120*** (0.005) 0.065*** (0.011) 0.107*** (0.007) 0.065*** (0.011) 0.011 (0.018) 0.065*** (0.011) -0.386*** (0.104) 0.185 (0.137) 1360 0.825 0.159* (0.090) 0.369** (0.163) -0.003 (0.005) -0.018* (0.010) -1.642** (0.662) -0.800** (0.376) 1360 0.634 -0.280* (0.154) 0.369** (0.170) 0.017* (0.009) -0.018* (0.010) -1.642** (0.691) 1.403** (0.669) 1360 0.827 -0.386*** (0.100) -0.633*** (0.047) 1360 0.600 -0.386*** (0.100) -0.585*** (0.054) 1360 0.630 No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Log GDP per capita squared Female x Log GDP squared Female Constant N R2 Services Log GDP per capita Female x Log GDP Log GDP per capita squared Female x Log GDP squared Female Constant N R2 Country Effects Year Effects Sources: International Labor Organization, see data appendix for a full description. Notes: Robust standard errors in parenthesis are clustered at the country level. Years are at 5-year intervals. If multiple data points exist the values are averaged over the 5-year period. ***Significant at the 1% level. **Significant at the 5% level. *Significant at the 10% level. Figure 1: Trends in female labor force participation, 1890-2005 Figure 2: Female labor force participation and economic development: 1890-2005 Figure 3: The U-shaped female labor supply within and across countries Panel A: 1890-2005, Developed Economies Panel B: 1950-2005, Full Sample Panel C: 1950-2005, Excludes OECD countries Figure 4: Sectoral employment shares by gender: Developed economies, 1890-2005 All Females Panel A: Agricultural Sector Panel B: Manufacturing Sector Panel C: Service Sector Males Figure 5: Sectoral employment shares by gender: Full sample, 1950-2005 All Females Panel A: Agricultural Sector Panel B: Manufacturing Sector Panel C: Service Sector Males Table A.1: Labor force participation by gender: Sixteen developed economies, 1890-2005 Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal 0.271 0.355 0.455 0.494 0.254 0.366 0.431 0.390 0.275 0.268 0.343 0.317 0.260 0.341 0.273 0.300 United Kingdom Spain Sweden United States 0.276 0.400 0.186 0.329 0.215 0.342 0.364 0.204 0.328 0.147 0.148 0.312 0.359 0.366 0.347 0.387 0.349 0.228 0.233 Panel A: Females 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 0.408 0.134 0.315 0.401 0.140 0.430 0.255 0.272 0.251 0.412 0.282 0.165 0.177 0.400 0.344 0.453 0.451 0.311 0.197 0.364 0.597 0.207 0.476 0.614 0.225 0.423 0.534 0.235 0.289 0.352 0.371 0.438 0.456 0.467 0.520 0.537 0.554 0.581 0.470 0.255 0.297 0.281 0.383 0.412 0.433 0.465 0.399 0.450 0.504 0.550 0.574 0.573 0.601 0.616 0.982 0.898 0.364 0.985 0.994 0.850 0.973 0.975 0.944 0.849 0.900 0.892 0.897 0.365 0.411 0.439 0.515 0.563 0.605 0.610 0.589 0.602 0.609 0.485 0.488 0.487 0.538 0.565 0.551 0.567 0.573 0.691 0.968 0.887 0.816 0.691 0.878 0.887 0.902 0.859 0.926 0.894 0.870 0.876 0.899 0.781 0.842 0.717 0.764 0.755 0.767 0.768 0.742 0.721 0.727 0.724 0.852 0.832 0.785 0.764 0.755 0.752 0.737 0.727 0.719 0.713 0.607 0.607 0.607 0.610 0.362 0.387 0.416 0.439 0.466 0.478 0.489 0.506 0.901 0.920 0.925 0.928 0.933 0.919 0.901 0.878 0.874 0.760 0.705 0.381 0.365 0.307 0.472 0.329 0.446 0.466 0.339 0.394 0.337 0.232 0.315 0.411 0.297 0.509 0.294 0.417 0.282 0.388 0.290 0.405 0.297 0.415 0.313 0.468 0.371 0.484 0.427 0.496 0.484 0.518 0.529 Panel B: Males 0.277 0.270 0.260 0.377 0.242 0.116 0.219 0.153 0.246 0.226 0.238 0.170 0.177 0.255 0.312 0.326 0.350 0.343 0.342 0.366 0.379 0.258 0.275 0.310 0.368 0.448 0.497 0.549 0.584 0.277 0.246 0.179 0.279 0.265 0.286 0.350 0.382 0.419 0.483 0.542 0.603 0.550 0.585 0.605 0.615 0.448 0.463 0.499 0.513 0.540 0.560 0.901 0.798 0.857 0.839 0.803 0.793 0.773 0.751 0.744 0.733 0.720 0.725 0.443 0.482 0.522 0.515 0.537 0.475 0.472 0.447 0.743 0.672 0.680 0.690 0.666 0.665 0.655 0.808 0.754 0.730 0.694 0.689 0.666 0.642 0.630 0.627 0.623 0.866 0.931 0.898 0.877 0.849 0.753 0.842 0.893 0.885 0.885 0.830 0.833 0.793 0.737 0.727 0.717 0.707 0.692 0.667 0.669 0.850 0.840 0.820 0.776 0.764 0.741 0.693 0.691 0.710 0.720 0.961 0.909 0.243 0.256 0.300 0.174 0.298 0.311 0.373 0.423 0.521 0.591 0.700 0.604 0.579 0.586 0.597 0.376 0.419 0.426 0.351 0.445 0.480 0.524 0.530 0.543 0.553 0.405 0.460 0.500 0.529 0.567 0.585 0.586 0.583 0.776 0.981 0.874 0.917 0.876 0.875 0.970 0.873 0.917 0.918 0.907 0.902 0.879 0.907 0.863 0.865 0.893 0.882 0.961 0.948 0.920 0.925 0.999 0.889 0.967 0.952 0.841 0.802 0.884 0.866 0.876 0.878 0.916 0.858 0.438 0.842 0.807 0.826 0.826 0.910 0.890 0.755 0.785 0.693 0.695 0.700 0.710 0.732 0.730 0.749 0.868 0.787 0.784 0.694 0.714 0.714 0.709 0.789 0.723 0.715 0.693 0.699 0.692 0.802 0.753 0.725 0.689 0.673 0.652 0.663 0.682 0.869 0.838 0.813 0.788 0.727 0.757 0.733 0.721 0.648 0.617 0.614 0.607 0.817 0.750 0.700 0.728 0.717 0.783 0.693 0.671 0.675 0.682 Sources: International Historical Statistics, Mitchell (1998 a,b,c) and International Labor Organization, see data appendix for details. 0.760 0.722 0.729 0.706 0.698 0.694 0.747 0.761 0.759 0.721 0.747 0.742 0.731 0.720 Table A.2: Labor force participation by gender: Full sample, 1950-2005 1950 Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Republic of Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Djibouti Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia 1955 1960 0.386 1965 0.029 0.076 0.232 0.289 0.53 0.478 1970 0.352 1975 1980 Panel A: Females 0.074 1985 0.036 0.07 0.265 0.29 0.299 0.319 0.371 0.491 0.438 0.528 0.428 0.531 0.512 0.165 0.045 0.661 0.364 0.387 0.232 0.175 0.087 0.062 0.181 0.664 0.255 0.034 0.281 0.701 0.229 0.602 0.19 0.622 0.061 0.211 0.595 0.36 0.606 0.028 0.447 0.319 0.948 0.394 0.244 0.642 0.418 0.771 0.753 0.89 0.582 0.249 0.297 0.932 0.445 0.285 0.227 0.231 0.483 0.507 0.514 0.549 0.224 0.508 0.634 0.532 0.206 0.203 0.239 0.184 0.562 0.211 0.192 0.467 0.423 0.199 0.579 0.416 0.11 0.176 0.052 0.189 0.476 0.642 0.523 0.539 0.268 0.171 0.057 0.058 0.245 0.253 0.28 0.706 0.24 0.276 0.322 0.429 0.294 0.493 0.292 0.366 0.405 0.736 0.59 0.744 0.29 0.27 0.078 0.372 0.152 0.441 0.485 0.365 0.488 0.362 0.569 0.487 0.387 0.572 0.599 0.433 0.599 0.72 0.545 0.5 0.7 0.394 0.411 0.567 0.39 0.178 0.509 0.483 0.636 0.259 0.13 0.951 0.831 0.388 0.427 0.524 0.142 0.295 0.141 0.401 0.21 0.474 0.703 0.165 0.429 0.429 0.312 0.094 0.032 0.122 0.327 0.277 0.502 0.505 0.246 0.498 0.509 0.044 0.294 0.328 0.48 0.187 0.37 0.079 0.531 0.317 0.341 0.299 0.365 0.509 0.314 0.089 0.384 0.1 0.458 0.134 0.158 0.29 0.336 0.312 0.666 0.501 0.093 0.467 0.149 0.026 0.557 0.176 0.617 0.329 0.421 0.115 0.348 0.383 0.353 0.595 0.49 0.067 0.433 0.207 0.586 0.187 0.472 0.09 0.105 0.358 0.414 0.431 0.48 0.544 0.427 0.277 1990 1995 2000 2005 0.155 0.576 0.112 0.69 0.461 0.653 0.62 0.577 0.591 0.306 0.62 0.71 0.489 0.591 0.532 0.389 0.696 0.537 0.661 0.795 0.91 0.812 0.587 0.681 0.458 0.703 0.648 0.371 0.795 0.338 0.283 0.616 0.362 0.552 0.406 0.637 0.729 0.769 0.294 0.47 0.433 0.247 0.438 0.829 0.718 0.751 0.71 0.587 0.555 0.701 0.608 0.601 0.714 0.427 0.42 0.656 0.617 0.586 0.357 0.559 0.369 0.514 0.099 0.119 0.442 0.491 0.43 0.732 0.58 0.106 0.703 0.687 0.5 0.377 0.644 0.146 0.571 0.125 0.694 0.478 0.65 0.643 0.613 0.605 0.341 0.588 0.675 0.532 0.628 0.594 0.389 0.712 0.571 0.632 0.795 0.882 0.801 0.626 0.685 0.484 0.71 0.653 0.386 0.79 0.435 0.299 0.645 0.4 0.558 0.426 0.637 0.139 0.559 0.132 0.68 0.516 0.634 0.663 0.633 0.633 0.367 0.573 0.653 0.564 0.664 0.616 0.387 0.727 0.6 0.591 0.795 0.862 0.79 0.636 0.72 0.509 0.715 0.652 0.395 0.774 0.558 0.317 0.672 0.44 0.569 0.436 0.63 0.148 0.557 0.147 0.638 0.561 0.562 0.693 0.675 0.656 0.387 0.588 0.63 0.605 0.678 0.638 0.392 0.741 0.634 0.613 0.796 0.85 0.808 0.647 0.738 0.534 0.722 0.652 0.451 0.757 0.555 0.34 0.691 0.485 0.59 0.478 0.617 0.742 0.316 0.485 0.486 0.215 0.456 0.828 0.663 0.743 0.699 0.612 0.551 0.709 0.615 0.623 0.729 0.476 0.428 0.65 0.624 0.587 0.425 0.505 0.367 0.522 0.106 0.128 0.505 0.535 0.439 0.688 0.593 0.128 0.714 0.653 0.517 0.429 0.63 0.846 0.641 0.752 0.338 0.509 0.571 0.211 0.476 0.824 0.651 0.777 0.723 0.63 0.555 0.718 0.593 0.648 0.72 0.518 0.437 0.65 0.663 0.59 0.425 0.529 0.371 0.517 0.138 0.569 0.568 0.482 0.635 0.599 0.127 0.723 0.621 0.53 0.464 0.6 0.766 0.36 0.54 0.572 0.238 0.491 0.82 0.693 0.809 0.735 0.653 0.564 0.724 0.587 0.69 0.683 0.557 0.491 0.658 0.685 0.606 0.423 0.55 0.353 0.527 0.182 0.147 0.621 0.595 0.508 0.632 0.617 0.148 0.734 0.61 0.544 0.451 0.589 0.639 0.683 0.715 Table A.2 (ctd.): Labor force participation by gender: Full sample, 1950-2005 1950 Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Lithuania Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia/Montenegro/Kosovo Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Total Former USSR Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Yugoslavia Zambia Zimbabwe 1955 1960 1965 1970 0.442 0.041 0.299 0.212 0.297 1980 0.733 0.621 0.434 0.173 0.04 0.371 0.175 0.198 0.206 0.185 0.267 0.088 0.126 0.32 0.176 0.865 0.596 0.226 0.277 0.343 0.258 0.338 0.206 0.262 0.221 0.238 0.277 0.242 0.247 0.264 0.232 0.272 0.619 0.17 0.253 0.086 0.303 0.243 0.209 0.35 0.665 0.275 0.261 0.582 0.219 0.693 0.696 0.466 0.416 0.335 0.327 0.366 0.319 0.072 0.452 0.315 0.414 0.277 0.288 1985 0.801 0.497 0.081 0.284 1975 Panel A: Females (ctd.) 0.154 0.352 0.248 0.065 0.608 0.071 0.243 0.273 0.084 0.334 0.231 0.302 0.468 0.66 0.46 0.298 0.368 0.627 0.364 0.37 0.68 0.103 0.379 0.483 0.487 0.463 0.278 0.281 0.681 0.941 0.398 0.587 0.539 0.62 0.418 0.51 0.478 0.558 0.311 0.364 0.438 0.489 0.399 0.318 0.299 0.445 0.351 0.368 0.31 0.303 0.793 0.45 0.224 0.375 0.264 0.177 0.153 0.303 0.413 0.235 0.371 0.396 0.079 0.371 0.5 0.443 0.387 0.204 0.325 0.514 0.481 0.086 0.33 0.216 0.282 0.559 0.152 0.712 0.814 0.734 0.563 0.306 0.354 0.72 0.654 0.437 0.646 0.256 0.058 0.567 0.509 0.203 0.474 0.562 0.102 0.33 0.446 0.351 0.501 0.519 0.405 0.271 0.46 0.293 0.722 0.514 0.103 0.837 0.736 0.527 0.738 0.35 0.194 0.462 0.632 0.163 0.559 0.532 0.127 0.762 0.391 0.231 0.443 0.48 0.627 0.476 0.202 0.226 0.3 0.295 0.307 0.426 0.408 0.282 0.4 0.313 0.423 0.355 0.481 0.321 0.662 1990 1995 2000 2005 0.19 0.684 0.572 0.204 0.691 0.457 0.855 0.757 0.451 0.393 0.196 0.41 0.369 0.571 0.278 0.864 0.503 0.829 0.548 0.636 0.358 0.273 0.404 0.698 0.192 0.144 0.429 0.562 0.483 0.493 0.622 0.598 0.368 0.451 0.61 0.696 0.891 0.398 0.155 0.637 0.493 0.57 0.67 0.553 0.673 0.575 0.367 0.38 0.434 0.391 0.271 0.433 0.789 0.691 0.211 0.626 0.89 0.744 0.704 0.707 0.467 0.23 0.337 0.503 0.835 0.678 0.28 0.665 0.676 0.555 0.501 0.396 0.811 0.172 0.205 0.694 0.585 0.253 0.668 0.454 0.858 0.757 0.446 0.389 0.217 0.432 0.407 0.583 0.303 0.877 0.499 0.841 0.612 0.667 0.368 0.341 0.431 0.741 0.217 0.146 0.472 0.535 0.587 0.509 0.59 0.616 0.401 0.425 0.643 0.645 0.879 0.401 0.167 0.647 0.515 0.591 0.681 0.561 0.62 0.633 0.374 0.438 0.484 0.404 0.295 0.437 0.755 0.708 0.234 0.624 0.891 0.707 0.752 0.219 0.666 0.592 0.301 0.669 0.438 0.86 0.782 0.467 0.378 0.25 0.445 0.414 0.586 0.283 0.884 0.531 0.843 0.677 0.686 0.421 0.395 0.462 0.756 0.248 0.17 0.499 0.551 0.621 0.521 0.583 0.654 0.424 0.423 0.596 0.664 0.88 0.419 0.171 0.655 0.538 0.24 0.611 0.59 0.32 0.656 0.476 0.858 0.832 0.464 0.377 0.27 0.458 0.451 0.575 0.283 0.875 0.589 0.832 0.722 0.714 0.47 0.398 0.478 0.759 0.276 0.216 0.519 0.581 0.657 0.503 0.57 0.687 0.447 0.498 0.559 0.682 0.877 0.446 0.185 0.663 0.555 0.676 0.586 0.632 0.634 0.382 0.477 0.535 0.392 0.306 0.44 0.757 0.734 0.201 0.615 0.895 0.705 0.793 0.679 0.606 0.61 0.668 0.388 0.494 0.617 0.392 0.316 0.444 0.768 0.756 0.154 0.606 0.903 0.705 0.82 0.514 0.251 0.315 0.51 0.828 0.649 0.328 0.672 0.696 0.609 0.506 0.479 0.803 0.206 0.538 0.259 0.278 0.51 0.814 0.623 0.355 0.684 0.691 0.642 0.51 0.554 0.794 0.236 0.594 0.268 0.264 0.498 0.776 0.62 0.406 0.693 0.682 0.652 0.508 0.539 0.783 0.25 0.744 0.681 0.753 0.671 0.748 0.772 0.738 0.843 Table A.2 (ctd.): Labor force participation by gender: Full sample, 1950-2005 1950 Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Republic of Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Djibouti Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia 1955 1960 0.881 1965 1975 1980 Panel B: Males 0.882 1985 0.781 0.806 0.720 0.810 0.781 0.786 0.865 0.803 0.863 0.793 0.855 0.747 0.821 0.811 0.846 0.841 0.818 0.705 0.860 0.866 0.736 0.886 0.826 0.893 0.843 0.857 0.902 0.926 1970 0.839 0.833 0.930 0.877 0.760 0.902 0.717 0.923 0.861 0.925 0.903 0.879 0.836 0.768 0.873 0.703 0.892 0.806 0.860 0.940 0.841 0.846 0.790 0.852 0.854 0.919 0.883 0.866 0.940 0.781 0.957 0.825 0.898 0.851 0.826 0.816 0.820 0.803 0.813 0.632 0.789 0.849 0.711 0.945 0.875 0.789 0.930 0.818 0.831 0.882 0.810 0.876 0.828 0.859 0.931 0.912 0.937 0.890 0.923 0.913 0.813 0.878 0.785 0.818 0.866 0.791 0.811 0.906 0.910 0.739 0.865 0.807 0.819 0.763 0.815 0.871 0.696 0.846 0.778 0.722 0.843 0.777 0.856 0.777 0.831 0.752 0.836 0.782 0.926 0.842 0.754 0.743 0.730 0.901 0.672 0.694 0.898 0.730 0.708 0.882 0.800 0.767 0.686 0.863 0.842 0.830 0.890 0.847 0.883 0.833 0.875 0.835 0.728 0.920 0.951 0.950 0.737 0.751 0.819 0.880 0.716 0.866 0.747 0.878 0.824 0.896 0.881 0.870 0.902 0.889 0.935 0.896 0.865 0.911 0.885 0.862 0.850 0.807 0.905 0.850 0.780 0.750 0.904 0.754 0.856 0.824 0.796 0.856 0.886 0.749 0.816 0.807 0.843 0.726 0.893 0.748 0.874 0.885 0.828 0.877 0.837 0.868 0.835 0.775 0.864 0.832 0.802 0.776 0.706 0.757 0.910 0.869 0.721 0.849 0.698 0.778 0.809 0.816 0.770 0.763 0.825 0.718 0.867 0.809 0.882 0.823 0.810 0.753 0.812 0.683 0.844 0.741 0.837 0.687 0.812 1990 1995 2000 2005 0.830 0.783 0.789 0.765 0.832 0.799 0.841 0.804 0.744 0.890 0.895 0.804 0.714 0.891 0.833 0.588 0.813 0.887 0.716 0.917 0.899 0.875 0.790 0.832 0.876 0.873 0.807 0.815 0.889 0.800 0.800 0.736 0.869 0.751 0.792 0.803 0.817 0.856 0.681 0.857 0.858 0.749 0.852 0.948 0.812 0.919 0.783 0.749 0.726 0.849 0.772 0.806 0.733 0.763 0.888 0.796 0.797 0.767 0.878 0.713 0.867 0.833 0.799 0.738 0.774 0.685 0.755 0.846 0.839 0.697 0.820 0.788 0.762 0.810 0.782 0.830 0.786 0.807 0.761 0.817 0.795 0.833 0.803 0.752 0.883 0.886 0.761 0.723 0.849 0.832 0.638 0.812 0.865 0.696 0.913 0.868 0.869 0.771 0.816 0.870 0.867 0.802 0.809 0.882 0.826 0.791 0.726 0.866 0.732 0.790 0.802 0.822 0.776 0.785 0.765 0.806 0.784 0.822 0.795 0.747 0.866 0.876 0.723 0.731 0.797 0.827 0.650 0.814 0.853 0.675 0.912 0.842 0.859 0.768 0.826 0.862 0.862 0.800 0.784 0.868 0.845 0.791 0.726 0.850 0.716 0.765 0.787 0.820 0.770 0.760 0.778 0.821 0.745 0.828 0.804 0.720 0.860 0.871 0.698 0.737 0.787 0.825 0.667 0.822 0.856 0.710 0.911 0.826 0.876 0.771 0.823 0.860 0.857 0.801 0.784 0.857 0.816 0.804 0.731 0.844 0.713 0.768 0.781 0.852 0.683 0.843 0.857 0.748 0.837 0.956 0.779 0.922 0.766 0.748 0.703 0.838 0.775 0.799 0.756 0.772 0.879 0.796 0.800 0.723 0.897 0.671 0.857 0.851 0.748 0.727 0.770 0.678 0.733 0.829 0.852 0.713 0.814 0.754 0.770 0.842 0.782 0.852 0.766 0.840 0.685 0.835 0.870 0.766 0.809 0.949 0.746 0.921 0.774 0.751 0.678 0.831 0.768 0.793 0.754 0.778 0.875 0.795 0.795 0.695 0.876 0.672 0.854 0.869 0.716 0.790 0.667 0.743 0.810 0.849 0.706 0.805 0.720 0.764 0.845 0.778 0.839 0.688 0.837 0.867 0.779 0.817 0.942 0.768 0.914 0.771 0.749 0.663 0.832 0.766 0.819 0.719 0.790 0.899 0.795 0.794 0.704 0.849 0.681 0.846 0.867 0.724 0.714 0.804 0.679 0.744 0.789 0.849 0.696 0.803 0.709 0.760 0.841 0.810 0.738 0.768 0.816 Table A.2 (ctd.): Labor force participation by gender: Full sample, 1950-2005 1950 Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Lithuania Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia/Montenegro/Kosovo Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Total Former USSR Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Yugoslavia Zambia Zimbabwe 1955 1960 1965 1970 0.833 0.802 0.874 0.852 0.919 1980 0.920 0.817 0.817 0.929 0.946 0.792 0.811 0.927 0.832 0.813 0.797 0.874 0.800 0.970 0.812 0.882 0.943 0.826 0.833 0.878 0.755 0.812 0.795 0.864 0.911 0.826 0.749 0.917 0.871 0.942 0.886 0.824 0.886 0.910 0.843 0.869 0.861 0.915 0.816 0.794 0.824 0.913 0.610 0.870 0.878 0.942 0.877 0.662 0.806 0.834 0.892 0.795 0.787 0.937 0.877 0.716 0.823 0.880 0.936 1985 0.854 0.901 0.979 0.913 1975 Panel B: Males (ctd.) 0.738 0.788 0.700 0.780 0.845 0.871 0.767 0.638 0.860 0.786 0.880 0.791 0.814 0.817 0.805 0.629 0.695 0.864 0.815 0.791 0.852 0.857 0.825 0.762 0.809 0.723 0.580 0.934 0.832 0.945 0.832 0.920 0.880 0.898 0.867 0.849 0.837 0.780 0.848 0.788 0.815 0.836 0.822 0.827 0.788 0.836 0.797 0.798 0.852 0.670 0.858 0.861 0.891 0.927 0.950 0.890 0.916 0.842 0.970 0.821 0.920 0.931 0.838 0.936 0.832 0.839 0.914 0.879 0.842 0.800 0.918 0.790 0.848 0.906 0.588 0.767 0.759 0.860 0.895 0.877 0.854 0.863 0.807 0.954 0.938 0.745 0.827 0.816 0.863 0.919 0.847 0.866 0.854 0.850 0.933 0.900 0.957 0.788 0.927 0.914 0.747 0.812 0.761 0.784 0.830 0.899 0.776 0.828 0.864 0.804 0.825 0.796 0.803 0.846 0.800 0.949 0.879 0.790 0.770 0.875 0.803 0.825 0.832 0.722 0.806 0.893 0.895 0.803 0.809 0.797 0.807 0.872 0.782 0.846 0.758 0.848 0.770 0.842 0.800 0.879 0.771 Sources: International Labor Organization, see data appendix for details. 1990 1995 2000 2005 0.733 0.838 0.636 0.748 0.810 0.685 0.894 0.786 0.829 0.671 0.786 0.852 0.866 0.674 0.832 0.804 0.661 0.919 0.794 0.830 0.854 0.922 0.744 0.812 0.825 0.864 0.835 0.931 0.806 0.841 0.759 0.805 0.682 0.945 0.763 0.799 0.896 0.800 0.821 0.904 0.721 0.788 0.674 0.844 0.798 0.667 0.797 0.656 0.785 0.813 0.770 0.747 0.829 0.908 0.833 0.790 0.918 0.885 0.847 0.813 0.771 0.788 0.833 0.774 0.825 0.770 0.919 0.856 0.838 0.867 0.756 0.828 0.884 0.757 0.742 0.827 0.622 0.749 0.788 0.758 0.899 0.783 0.833 0.672 0.788 0.850 0.859 0.681 0.833 0.807 0.646 0.918 0.812 0.836 0.856 0.901 0.702 0.838 0.809 0.855 0.856 0.911 0.844 0.846 0.718 0.779 0.691 0.945 0.772 0.746 0.886 0.774 0.765 0.900 0.724 0.735 0.651 0.839 0.769 0.726 0.795 0.640 0.775 0.809 0.759 0.737 0.801 0.899 0.832 0.790 0.915 0.855 0.836 0.747 0.791 0.620 0.763 0.744 0.679 0.903 0.831 0.825 0.684 0.792 0.840 0.847 0.676 0.815 0.829 0.674 0.908 0.843 0.835 0.835 0.896 0.643 0.830 0.789 0.860 0.850 0.883 0.837 0.839 0.700 0.792 0.677 0.932 0.725 0.747 0.853 0.774 0.758 0.897 0.731 0.750 0.751 0.633 0.787 0.715 0.714 0.898 0.823 0.801 0.700 0.798 0.806 0.842 0.671 0.800 0.829 0.708 0.893 0.847 0.845 0.820 0.914 0.622 0.819 0.789 0.865 0.857 0.882 0.855 0.807 0.706 0.792 0.666 0.940 0.705 0.764 0.852 0.788 0.758 0.897 0.726 0.659 0.838 0.767 0.727 0.797 0.630 0.795 0.809 0.761 0.724 0.801 0.886 0.810 0.779 0.914 0.852 0.825 0.689 0.828 0.762 0.752 0.793 0.653 0.816 0.813 0.766 0.717 0.816 0.878 0.771 0.772 0.912 0.850 0.819 0.809 0.772 0.802 0.762 0.829 0.742 0.920 0.833 0.831 0.865 0.751 0.850 0.872 0.744 0.808 0.745 0.750 0.776 0.827 0.708 0.918 0.824 0.816 0.850 0.754 0.853 0.860 0.731 0.819 0.731 0.748 0.781 0.802 0.723 0.917 0.820 0.801 0.855 0.764 0.833 0.847 0.733 0.861 0.803 0.856 0.802 0.859 0.867 0.862 0.907 Table A.3: Sectoral shares by gender: Sixteen developed economies, 1890-2000 Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal 0.210 0.186 0.208 0.143 0.144 0.182 0.363 0.263 0.189 0.194 0.130 0.119 0.082 0.040 0.084 0.053 0.034 0.018 0.591 0.602 0.481 Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States 0.018 0.018 0.022 0.054 0.012 0.191 0.191 0.110 Panel A: Females 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Sector: Agriculture 0.320 0.113 0.267 0.041 0.203 0.022 0.188 0.035 0.143 0.036 0.076 0.039 0.046 0.046 0.045 0.029 0.042 0.020 0.037 0.017 0.029 0.013 Sector: Manufacturing 0.317 0.220 0.353 0.282 0.367 0.261 0.398 0.238 0.361 0.297 0.396 0.282 0.256 0.302 0.204 0.256 0.158 0.167 0.122 0.135 0.093 0.113 Sector: Services 0.363 0.667 0.379 0.676 0.430 0.717 0.414 0.727 0.496 0.668 0.528 0.679 0.698 0.652 0.751 0.715 0.800 0.813 0.841 0.848 0.878 0.875 0.061 0.040 0.044 0.037 0.046 0.024 0.024 0.030 0.032 0.031 0.025 0.018 0.488 0.423 0.305 0.176 0.257 0.186 0.173 0.068 0.065 0.040 0.027 0.017 0.632 0.799 0.773 0.729 0.651 0.461 0.319 0.161 0.094 0.059 0.033 0.433 0.406 0.420 0.446 0.402 0.414 0.277 0.196 0.114 0.140 0.084 0.023 0.528 0.561 0.313 0.316 0.271 0.217 0.158 0.224 0.242 0.193 0.165 0.146 0.135 0.113 0.287 0.189 0.183 0.168 0.139 0.182 0.216 0.254 0.201 0.165 0.162 0.138 0.123 0.083 0.092 0.100 0.134 0.211 0.220 0.230 0.211 0.162 0.123 0.270 0.272 0.324 0.247 0.246 0.212 0.261 0.266 0.257 0.406 0.160 0.114 0.268 0.237 0.626 0.644 0.685 0.746 0.796 0.752 0.734 0.777 0.803 0.823 0.840 0.869 0.225 0.389 0.512 0.656 0.603 0.631 0.611 0.678 0.734 0.795 0.811 0.845 0.245 0.119 0.135 0.171 0.215 0.328 0.462 0.609 0.694 0.778 0.844 0.297 0.323 0.256 0.306 0.352 0.374 0.462 0.538 0.629 0.454 0.756 0.863 0.204 0.203 0.602 0.548 0.422 0.408 0.442 0.332 0.214 0.137 0.093 0.069 0.046 0.042 0.504 0.499 0.487 0.425 0.401 0.341 0.281 0.211 0.121 0.095 0.074 0.045 0.697 0.777 0.724 0.676 0.595 0.470 0.380 0.189 0.134 0.100 0.067 0.457 0.429 0.403 0.370 0.330 0.327 0.262 0.202 0.136 0.130 0.126 0.049 0.361 0.286 0.218 0.252 0.298 0.298 0.241 0.308 0.404 0.398 0.381 0.356 0.366 0.316 0.292 0.273 0.279 0.317 0.334 0.375 0.399 0.445 0.443 0.391 0.374 0.347 0.160 0.141 0.169 0.199 0.251 0.330 0.378 0.451 0.439 0.411 0.376 0.292 0.305 0.336 0.350 0.361 0.350 0.418 0.439 0.471 0.624 0.359 0.330 0.436 0.490 0.180 0.200 0.281 0.295 0.317 0.360 0.382 0.465 0.527 0.575 0.588 0.642 0.205 0.228 0.234 0.257 0.265 0.284 0.321 0.344 0.436 0.514 0.552 0.608 0.143 0.082 0.107 0.125 0.154 0.200 0.242 0.360 0.427 0.489 0.557 0.251 0.266 0.261 0.280 0.310 0.323 0.320 0.359 0.392 0.245 0.515 0.621 0.203 0.224 0.436 0.407 0.442 0.354 0.178 0.108 0.067 0.035 0.019 0.255 0.240 0.231 0.263 0.332 0.333 0.286 0.230 0.167 0.309 0.354 0.326 0.383 0.490 0.559 0.647 0.735 0.814 0.125 0.364 0.307 0.248 0.211 0.132 0.079 0.048 0.030 0.018 0.331 0.099 0.106 0.107 0.200 0.229 0.239 0.211 0.186 0.131 0.544 0.537 0.586 0.644 0.589 0.639 0.682 0.741 0.784 0.851 0.606 0.581 0.594 0.430 0.414 0.291 0.207 0.137 0.083 0.044 0.259 0.270 0.237 0.290 0.280 0.312 0.316 0.261 0.224 0.192 0.135 0.149 0.169 0.280 0.306 0.397 0.476 0.603 0.693 0.764 0.044 0.035 0.031 0.029 0.023 0.161 0.172 0.180 0.210 0.194 0.172 0.228 0.167 0.124 0.107 0.088 0.628 0.643 0.612 0.647 0.662 0.645 0.728 0.798 0.846 0.864 0.889 0.208 0.241 0.218 0.207 0.190 0.238 0.261 0.222 0.165 0.130 0.109 0.083 0.429 0.496 0.593 0.599 0.679 0.642 0.657 0.739 0.750 0.816 0.858 0.899 0.343 0.331 0.177 0.224 0.297 0.146 0.126 0.362 0.306 0.223 0.213 0.240 0.292 0.332 0.256 0.250 0.212 0.047 0.093 0.296 0.444 0.428 0.531 0.444 0.447 0.604 0.662 0.603 0.396 0.318 0.235 0.247 0.405 0.213 0.155 0.092 0.045 0.130 0.192 0.278 0.279 0.252 0.255 0.265 0.210 0.170 0.129 0.266 0.412 0.405 0.486 0.501 0.339 0.522 0.634 0.737 0.825 0.886 0.655 0.458 0.330 0.271 0.061 0.047 0.060 0.043 0.030 0.019 0.011 0.080 0.099 0.151 0.201 0.208 0.249 0.366 0.256 0.191 0.151 0.125 0.099 0.035 0.246 0.391 0.468 0.521 0.690 0.587 0.684 0.766 0.819 0.856 0.890 0.017 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.008 0.445 0.456 0.460 0.459 0.382 0.394 0.344 0.274 0.203 0.143 0.106 0.537 0.526 0.518 0.487 0.606 0.589 0.643 0.713 0.786 0.846 0.886 0.043 0.038 0.024 0.018 0.016 0.014 0.011 0.148 0.165 0.230 0.229 0.252 0.231 0.204 0.179 0.143 0.107 0.661 0.643 0.660 0.728 0.709 0.744 0.778 0.806 0.842 0.882 Panel B: Males 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Sector: Agriculture 0.321 0.388 0.273 0.300 0.245 0.285 0.228 0.272 0.183 0.205 0.140 0.163 0.143 0.074 0.087 0.049 0.075 0.038 0.064 0.033 0.052 0.023 Sector: Manufacturing 0.415 0.276 0.458 0.361 0.495 0.367 0.509 0.380 0.518 0.404 0.535 0.443 0.375 0.520 0.415 0.485 0.371 0.405 0.333 0.374 0.294 0.351 Sector: Services 0.264 0.336 0.269 0.339 0.260 0.348 0.263 0.348 0.299 0.390 0.325 0.394 0.482 0.407 0.498 0.466 0.554 0.557 0.603 0.593 0.654 0.626 0.235 0.225 0.237 0.213 0.088 0.058 0.046 0.036 0.030 0.507 0.495 0.475 0.503 0.572 0.558 0.508 0.490 0.416 0.257 0.280 0.288 0.284 0.340 0.384 0.446 0.474 0.554 0.616 0.596 0.577 0.568 0.466 0.401 0.293 0.210 0.173 0.105 0.224 0.169 0.176 0.174 0.263 0.286 0.344 0.370 0.354 0.374 0.160 0.235 0.248 0.259 0.272 0.313 0.362 0.420 0.473 0.521 0.587 0.545 0.548 0.493 0.425 0.256 0.167 0.117 0.078 0.055 0.238 0.267 0.249 0.299 0.335 0.442 0.469 0.401 0.375 0.381 0.176 0.187 0.203 0.207 0.240 0.302 0.364 0.482 0.546 0.564 Sources: International Historical Statistics, Mitchell (1998 a,b,c) and International Labor Organization, see data appendix for details. 0.367 0.352 0.311 0.268 0.229 0.204 0.126 0.072 0.063 0.051 0.042 0.347 0.366 0.379 0.406 0.424 0.373 0.480 0.444 0.377 0.338 0.298 0.286 0.282 0.310 0.326 0.347 0.423 0.394 0.484 0.559 0.611 0.660 0.566 0.491 0.490 0.438 0.440 0.357 0.316 0.242 0.121 0.095 0.076 0.051 0.242 0.302 0.281 0.323 0.294 0.367 0.400 0.409 0.445 0.395 0.351 0.313 0.192 0.208 0.229 0.240 0.266 0.276 0.284 0.348 0.434 0.510 0.573 0.637 0.681 0.669 0.610 0.567 0.539 0.490 0.343 0.202 0.117 0.108 0.191 0.193 0.217 0.220 0.247 0.289 0.315 0.415 0.404 0.420 0.128 0.138 0.173 0.212 0.214 0.221 0.343 0.382 0.479 0.472 0.724 0.712 0.631 0.558 0.543 0.427 0.261 0.185 0.121 0.071 0.143 0.159 0.211 0.235 0.256 0.318 0.416 0.421 0.410 0.406 0.133 0.130 0.158 0.207 0.201 0.255 0.323 0.394 0.469 0.523 0.705 0.576 0.492 0.447 0.404 0.312 0.217 0.159 0.091 0.072 0.049 0.033 0.213 0.270 0.312 0.363 0.375 0.428 0.514 0.529 0.498 0.444 0.403 0.342 0.082 0.154 0.196 0.190 0.221 0.260 0.270 0.312 0.411 0.484 0.548 0.625 0.164 0.130 0.122 0.219 0.081 0.070 0.048 0.036 0.034 0.029 0.021 0.568 0.582 0.577 0.433 0.500 0.536 0.538 0.510 0.445 0.381 0.341 0.268 0.287 0.301 0.348 0.419 0.394 0.414 0.454 0.520 0.590 0.638 0.444 0.338 0.291 0.227 0.154 0.078 0.054 0.046 0.041 0.029 0.251 0.318 0.355 0.374 0.392 0.419 0.400 0.381 0.345 0.310 0.305 0.344 0.354 0.399 0.454 0.503 0.546 0.573 0.615 0.661 Table A.4: Sectoral shares by gender: Full sample, 1950-2000 Agriculture Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Bahrain Bangladesh Belgium Bolivia Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burundi Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chile Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea, Rep. Kuwait Latvia Liberia Libya Lithuania Malawi Malaysia Mauritius Mexico Moldova Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru 1950 Manufacturing 0.902 0.018 0.039 0.441 0.282 0.220 0.743 Agriculture 1960 Manufacturing 0.240 0.052 0.046 0.303 0.002 0.918 0.046 0.165 0.270 0.256 0.274 0.551 0.046 0.302 0.951 0.290 0.631 0.007 0.301 0.268 0.112 0.024 0.242 0.030 0.191 0.193 0.020 0.080 0.136 0.259 0.257 0.047 0.117 0.055 0.208 0.205 0.177 0.057 0.198 0.173 0.216 0.294 0.365 0.277 0.261 0.449 0.259 0.822 0.058 0.891 0.042 0.252 0.303 0.211 0.492 0.260 0.200 0.414 0.329 0.560 0.280 0.164 0.157 0.771 0.522 0.073 0.106 0.951 0.010 0.052 0.245 0.082 0.261 0.769 0.178 0.076 0.135 Agriculture 0.051 0.042 0.045 0.181 0.001 0.726 0.029 0.272 0.209 0.265 0.921 0.032 0.953 0.028 0.072 0.042 1970 1980 Manufacturing Agriculture Manufacturing Panel A: Females 0.194 0.037 0.162 0.208 0.031 0.182 0.204 0.042 0.158 0.275 0.114 0.234 0.041 0.008 0.087 0.044 0.400 0.338 0.256 0.020 0.167 0.185 0.615 0.031 0.106 0.154 0.149 0.369 0.170 0.406 0.979 0.010 0.026 0.920 0.026 0.165 0.031 0.146 0.298 0.219 0.004 0.224 0.036 0.131 0.219 0.008 0.238 0.172 0.053 0.228 0.082 0.221 0.106 0.216 0.117 0.040 0.110 0.130 0.246 0.197 0.405 0.165 0.164 0.171 0.139 0.204 0.876 0.094 0.140 0.067 0.560 0.370 0.124 0.524 0.017 0.211 0.406 0.286 0.143 0.187 0.221 0.090 0.186 0.841 0.551 0.280 0.174 0.048 0.033 0.137 0.191 0.120 0.012 0.352 0.086 0.117 0.243 0.138 0.211 0.161 0.261 0.100 0.279 0.074 0.301 0.068 0.102 0.250 0.407 0.103 0.372 0.254 0.138 0.338 0.075 0.243 0.163 0.065 0.445 0.132 0.214 0.103 0.405 0.201 0.114 0.227 0.143 0.168 0.319 0.196 0.178 0.583 0.687 0.123 0.220 0.266 0.332 0.106 0.140 0.218 0.052 0.383 0.833 0.689 0.227 0.188 0.307 0.092 0.083 0.571 0.132 0.103 0.291 0.180 0.397 0.337 0.229 0.188 0.312 0.211 0.215 0.249 0.161 0.082 0.108 0.544 0.516 0.074 0.619 0.075 0.218 0.848 0.657 0.282 0.676 0.079 0.059 0.207 0.181 0.214 0.230 0.254 0.333 0.155 0.182 0.227 0.077 0.278 0.393 0.071 0.097 0.512 0.109 0.239 0.190 0.316 0.163 0.271 0.665 0.001 0.087 0.053 0.550 0.001 0.168 0.037 0.345 0.001 0.245 0.024 0.939 0.189 0.009 0.503 0.886 0.388 0.010 0.064 0.859 0.008 0.736 0.403 0.329 0.074 0.075 0.137 0.955 0.680 0.372 0.121 0.017 0.094 0.110 0.221 0.957 0.386 0.182 0.166 0.012 0.202 0.456 0.254 0.433 0.248 0.940 0.016 0.357 0.970 0.339 0.008 0.586 0.975 0.044 0.049 0.151 0.976 0.040 0.019 0.013 0.228 0.245 0.186 0.000 0.222 0.955 0.035 0.051 0.120 0.704 0.084 0.004 0.167 0.231 0.190 0.158 0.165 0.971 0.031 0.074 0.002 0.124 0.196 0.053 0.130 0.713 0.077 0.227 0.330 0.127 0.106 0.304 0.183 0.663 0.081 0.137 0.193 0.114 0.122 0.287 0.189 0.611 0.047 0.159 0.246 0.094 0.117 0.245 0.135 Agriculture 1990 Manufacturing 0.051 0.037 0.079 0.002 0.887 0.017 0.235 0.157 0.193 0.129 0.977 0.133 0.122 0.198 0.072 0.091 0.135 0.107 0.190 0.110 0.356 0.007 0.025 0.317 0.876 0.055 0.007 0.062 0.145 0.135 0.175 0.004 0.149 0.248 0.231 0.350 0.095 0.099 0.027 0.037 0.088 0.491 0.090 0.373 0.368 0.162 0.236 0.154 0.098 0.234 0.876 0.059 0.084 0.035 0.017 0.162 0.160 0.230 0.290 0.153 0.513 0.082 0.147 0.812 0.495 0.157 0.257 0.030 0.021 0.083 0.131 0.074 0.182 0.196 0.096 0.248 0.306 0.086 0.140 0.317 0.079 0.186 0.155 0.224 0.130 0.264 0.181 0.180 0.001 0.243 0.263 0.019 0.133 0.335 0.222 0.168 0.100 0.278 0.493 0.188 0.032 0.483 0.700 0.911 0.029 0.070 0.106 0.013 0.107 0.134 0.034 0.017 0.675 0.033 0.007 0.051 0.109 0.035 0.129 0.114 0.158 0.167 Agriculture 2000 Manufacturing 0.215 0.004 0.029 0.056 0.278 0.104 0.093 0.136 0.659 0.013 0.379 0.128 0.155 0.071 0.157 0.113 0.094 0.163 0.114 0.285 0.018 0.113 0.050 0.081 0.048 0.132 0.121 0.173 0.151 0.190 0.033 0.273 0.017 0.138 0.056 0.354 0.042 0.041 0.736 0.033 0.023 0.019 0.523 0.153 0.131 0.147 0.224 0.223 0.078 0.123 0.114 0.167 0.137 0.115 0.104 0.031 0.251 0.228 0.447 0.336 0.152 0.285 0.018 0.007 0.044 0.086 0.050 0.131 0.109 0.192 0.079 0.197 0.330 0.111 0.088 0.176 0.099 0.169 0.125 0.919 0.122 0.082 0.066 0.421 0.567 0.202 0.012 0.256 0.281 0.201 0.110 0.188 0.023 0.057 0.082 0.088 0.111 0.176 0.018 0.031 0.683 0.035 0.142 0.019 0.083 0.108 0.139 0.087 0.101 0.121 Table A.4 (ctd.): Sectoral shares by gender: Full sample, 1950-2000 Agriculture Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Yemen Yugoslavia Zambia Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Bahrain Bangladesh Belgium Bolivia Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burundi Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chile Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq 0.690 0.331 1950 Manufacturing 0.138 0.240 0.165 0.170 0.247 0.252 0.827 0.047 0.133 0.366 0.923 0.013 0.901 0.050 0.038 0.252 0.750 0.109 0.163 0.253 0.443 0.474 0.544 Agriculture 1960 Manufacturing 0.388 0.589 0.177 0.032 0.215 0.170 0.292 0.344 0.344 0.428 0.224 0.015 0.724 0.119 0.505 0.897 0.428 0.020 0.223 0.173 0.405 0.658 0.089 0.255 0.104 0.060 0.030 0.780 0.876 0.165 0.138 0.959 0.256 0.371 0.050 0.029 0.163 0.429 0.015 0.013 0.024 0.028 0.066 0.344 0.231 0.292 0.200 0.703 0.142 0.605 0.239 0.143 0.181 0.105 0.853 0.074 0.147 0.384 0.375 0.508 0.411 0.049 0.520 0.874 0.566 0.402 0.050 0.236 0.462 0.315 0.214 0.404 0.137 0.690 0.398 0.097 0.390 0.657 0.320 0.167 0.368 0.583 0.585 0.328 0.194 0.192 0.471 0.211 0.281 0.399 0.650 0.184 0.262 0.418 0.527 0.195 0.887 0.056 0.717 0.107 0.616 0.558 0.176 0.168 Agriculture 1970 1980 Manufacturing Agriculture Manufacturing Panel B: Females (ctd.) 0.188 0.363 0.143 0.255 0.326 0.287 0.332 0.297 0.256 0.306 0.002 0.257 0.000 0.021 0.265 Agriculture 1990 Manufacturing 0.309 0.251 0.146 0.004 0.000 0.316 0.133 0.229 0.250 0.201 0.019 0.384 0.006 0.079 0.005 0.100 0.980 0.075 0.961 0.199 0.026 0.362 0.008 0.376 0.307 0.213 0.657 0.888 0.043 0.052 0.638 0.763 0.145 0.271 0.898 0.105 0.265 0.133 0.034 0.191 0.324 0.133 0.073 0.237 0.496 0.048 0.128 0.155 0.560 0.871 0.030 0.047 0.506 0.699 0.069 0.298 0.873 0.169 0.210 0.174 0.045 0.151 0.227 0.147 0.088 0.215 0.478 0.046 0.001 0.108 0.142 0.100 0.092 0.404 0.303 0.422 0.359 0.144 0.170 0.253 0.004 0.013 0.018 0.036 0.042 0.872 0.539 0.385 0.067 0.203 0.179 0.218 0.181 0.125 0.166 0.096 0.145 0.176 0.443 0.099 0.459 0.137 0.143 0.143 0.195 0.153 0.030 0.145 0.064 0.063 0.029 0.570 0.033 0.273 0.249 0.285 0.156 0.889 0.322 0.333 0.482 0.328 0.165 0.374 0.287 0.329 0.275 0.435 0.036 0.755 0.271 0.480 0.469 0.058 0.001 0.274 0.012 0.204 0.016 0.239 0.022 0.181 0.023 0.036 0.195 0.365 0.196 0.716 Panel B: Males 0.331 0.264 0.357 0.166 0.415 0.075 0.504 0.082 0.363 0.034 0.050 0.631 0.485 0.038 0.206 0.532 0.204 0.345 0.479 0.160 0.879 0.096 0.709 0.381 0.069 0.348 0.073 0.353 0.274 0.214 0.018 0.219 0.371 0.019 0.039 0.444 0.579 0.050 0.217 0.749 0.224 0.001 0.011 0.014 0.020 0.017 0.875 0.046 0.305 0.748 0.225 0.017 0.311 0.163 0.366 0.382 0.061 0.317 0.350 0.268 0.477 0.354 0.276 0.289 0.320 0.145 0.095 0.386 0.411 0.431 0.529 0.570 0.391 0.266 0.219 0.224 0.214 0.142 0.154 0.074 0.222 0.242 0.328 0.359 0.545 0.537 0.374 0.276 0.234 0.251 0.269 0.893 0.134 0.130 0.046 0.664 0.245 0.637 0.786 0.022 0.439 0.624 0.508 0.113 0.345 0.166 0.086 0.893 0.100 0.126 0.036 0.022 0.411 0.359 0.490 0.241 0.659 0.566 0.303 0.132 0.444 0.150 0.116 0.263 0.198 0.204 0.574 0.779 0.643 0.210 0.633 0.484 0.255 0.232 0.333 0.202 0.088 0.146 0.430 0.148 0.167 0.293 0.121 0.329 0.202 0.087 0.120 0.071 0.793 0.049 0.542 0.518 0.211 0.706 0.093 0.214 0.211 0.730 0.651 0.581 0.717 0.542 0.445 0.120 0.177 0.151 0.159 0.166 0.121 0.595 0.567 0.497 0.661 0.548 0.443 0.141 0.170 0.189 0.135 0.380 0.202 0.088 0.638 0.495 0.736 0.378 0.439 0.572 0.180 0.226 0.127 0.794 0.365 0.694 0.726 0.508 0.095 0.415 0.126 0.074 0.230 0.189 0.111 0.058 0.592 0.315 0.670 0.840 0.711 0.260 0.699 0.658 0.448 0.238 0.451 0.462 0.558 0.162 0.322 0.178 0.068 0.133 0.471 0.122 0.092 0.267 0.246 Agriculture 2000 Manufacturing 0.252 0.157 0.126 0.003 0.000 0.347 0.079 0.119 0.185 0.212 0.144 0.038 0.246 0.203 0.711 0.003 0.035 0.095 0.065 0.045 0.437 0.024 0.187 0.257 0.265 0.127 0.129 0.247 0.011 0.031 0.263 0.448 0.021 0.099 0.129 0.074 0.177 0.168 0.581 0.186 0.001 0.008 0.011 0.024 0.018 0.135 0.229 0.059 0.106 0.107 0.132 0.118 0.203 0.013 0.052 0.051 0.253 0.323 0.294 0.398 0.458 0.023 0.372 0.219 0.233 0.113 0.136 0.351 0.263 0.281 0.270 0.370 0.042 0.316 0.180 0.310 0.224 0.132 0.299 0.204 0.258 0.355 0.054 0.474 0.045 0.347 0.117 0.272 0.316 0.088 0.852 0.067 0.049 0.030 0.551 0.133 0.273 0.249 0.248 0.410 0.046 0.376 0.330 0.416 0.170 0.287 0.496 0.079 0.208 0.392 0.435 0.216 0.198 0.307 0.248 0.036 0.336 0.396 0.371 0.503 0.408 0.107 0.405 0.182 0.298 0.521 0.037 0.095 0.356 0.371 0.251 0.338 0.280 Table A.4 (ctd.): Sectoral shares by gender: Full sample, 1950-2000 Agriculture Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea, Rep. Kuwait Latvia Liberia Libya Lithuania Malawi Malaysia Mauritius Mexico Moldova Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Yemen Yugoslavia Zambia 1950 Manufacturing 0.466 0.263 0.425 0.639 0.375 0.335 0.196 0.339 0.531 0.427 0.149 0.268 0.819 0.072 0.211 0.387 0.316 0.400 0.704 0.689 0.114 0.114 0.483 0.539 0.306 0.247 0.068 0.218 0.543 0.256 0.886 0.217 0.027 0.514 0.843 0.038 0.680 0.131 0.154 0.392 Agriculture 1960 Manufacturing Agriculture 1970 1980 Manufacturing Agriculture Manufacturing Panel B: Males (ctd.) 0.344 0.210 0.370 0.414 0.070 0.391 0.469 0.117 0.401 0.335 0.420 0.246 0.402 0.083 0.391 0.121 0.272 0.401 0.143 0.256 0.522 0.245 0.440 0.286 0.421 0.442 0.267 0.374 0.264 0.293 0.086 0.167 0.408 0.126 0.595 0.012 0.140 0.355 0.440 0.024 0.244 0.312 0.277 0.022 0.336 0.355 0.745 0.432 0.130 0.202 0.710 0.225 0.103 0.272 0.671 0.090 0.528 0.376 0.593 0.118 0.309 0.203 0.781 0.499 0.320 0.486 0.099 0.157 0.282 0.250 0.784 0.332 0.224 0.459 0.085 0.226 0.309 0.271 0.672 0.115 0.671 0.167 0.448 0.720 0.250 0.139 Agriculture 1990 Manufacturing 0.354 0.383 0.375 0.293 0.393 0.105 0.029 0.055 0.260 0.045 0.374 0.314 0.381 0.278 0.366 0.287 0.141 0.017 0.381 0.387 0.330 0.357 0.087 0.204 0.335 0.153 0.334 0.185 0.750 0.191 0.105 0.229 0.440 0.381 0.344 0.077 0.323 0.338 0.284 0.184 0.220 0.042 0.103 0.405 0.298 0.315 0.209 0.051 0.080 0.391 0.217 0.350 0.048 0.454 0.169 0.108 0.036 0.030 0.326 0.127 0.313 0.207 0.237 0.231 0.231 0.274 0.173 0.392 0.420 0.293 0.519 0.329 0.336 0.661 0.007 0.078 0.094 0.106 0.071 0.355 0.096 0.329 0.463 0.448 0.345 0.406 0.220 0.033 0.050 0.181 0.477 0.078 0.342 0.341 0.314 0.205 0.411 0.249 0.240 0.056 0.021 0.029 0.091 0.134 0.272 0.389 0.437 0.341 0.310 0.309 0.302 0.232 0.467 0.246 0.189 0.319 0.295 0.335 0.259 0.044 0.385 0.549 0.763 0.051 0.126 0.250 0.037 0.338 0.322 0.076 0.081 0.443 0.342 0.038 0.142 0.522 0.252 0.117 0.055 0.043 0.228 0.351 0.227 0.201 0.199 0.362 0.276 0.174 0.425 0.404 0.284 0.368 0.506 0.217 0.026 0.480 0.420 0.156 0.007 0.409 0.905 0.072 0.148 0.562 0.919 0.121 0.013 0.444 0.391 0.200 0.028 0.445 0.906 0.063 0.134 0.008 0.377 0.367 0.095 0.395 0.598 0.622 0.658 0.571 0.706 0.388 0.490 0.302 0.164 0.145 0.158 0.201 0.114 0.384 0.289 0.329 0.588 0.534 0.626 0.495 0.631 0.313 0.343 0.110 0.141 0.173 0.159 0.206 0.147 0.447 0.315 0.358 0.741 0.385 0.545 0.434 0.587 0.281 0.202 0.081 0.035 0.066 0.215 0.241 0.196 0.149 0.460 0.415 0.286 0.356 0.446 0.361 0.256 0.516 0.051 0.308 0.041 0.372 0.880 0.132 0.872 0.275 0.030 0.301 0.013 0.351 0.309 0.261 0.516 0.655 0.091 0.090 0.428 0.718 0.180 0.418 0.560 0.388 0.416 0.141 0.088 0.498 0.531 0.243 0.100 0.431 0.268 0.169 0.176 0.185 0.493 0.665 0.072 0.069 0.264 0.663 0.110 0.326 0.440 0.456 0.421 0.186 0.097 0.444 0.460 0.340 0.128 0.459 0.358 0.218 0.004 0.164 0.135 0.154 0.121 0.374 0.355 0.555 0.496 0.416 0.410 0.222 0.048 0.036 0.054 0.231 0.257 0.447 0.407 0.318 0.438 0.510 0.400 0.304 0.298 0.123 0.321 0.319 0.048 0.034 0.046 0.136 0.197 0.398 0.445 0.381 0.318 0.315 0.049 0.053 0.208 0.563 0.131 0.249 0.333 0.284 0.090 0.029 0.041 0.081 0.168 0.460 0.403 0.386 0.291 0.192 0.385 0.335 0.268 0.504 0.350 0.381 0.345 0.343 0.306 0.132 0.276 0.480 0.390 0.189 0.174 0.119 0.366 0.427 0.530 0.362 0.318 0.147 0.159 0.147 0.499 0.803 0.228 0.479 0.645 0.529 0.563 0.211 0.057 0.401 0.194 0.175 0.048 0.078 0.252 0.403 0.538 0.419 0.331 0.228 0.551 0.288 Sources: International Labor Organization, see data appendix for details. 2000 Manufacturing 0.173 0.049 0.078 0.330 0.058 0.627 0.925 0.126 0.170 0.710 0.974 0.242 0.703 0.705 Agriculture