University:
Boston University
Course:
QST BA 472 | Business Experiments and Causal Methods
Academic year:

2023
Views:

91

Pages:

16
Author:

Lafuentedqri

Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy Systems Energy & Climate Policy in Advanced Economies Maximize Energy Efficiency Much Larger Grid Meeting all Societal Goals: Affordable, Equitable, Reliable, Financially Viable Electrify Transportation and Heat or Use Clean Fuels JOINT INFRASTRUCTURE Electrolysis Convert Industrial Process to Electricity or Clean Fuel Clean Fuels, Including Delivery Networks Clean Gen Fuels 3 1. Carbon-Free Electricity Supply 4 5 Supply Side of a Carbon-Free Big Grid Wind Solar Thermal Solar PV Small Hydro Large-Scale Storage Geothermal Nuclear (?) Distributed Storage Flexible Load Fuel Cells Gas Power With CCS/RNG (?) CHP and District Energy New Technologies …And a Grid to tie it all together 6 Big Grid Challenges Are Large Accelerated RD&D forSolar storage Wind PV and dispatchable generation Improved Transmission and Infrastructure Planning, incl. integrated DG Public Funding+Market Reforms Nuclear Gas Power With CCS/RNG to(?)Finance Transition (?) +CES or equivalent Build at ~3x-5x Current Pace Cybersecurity and Resilience 7 2. Changing Electricity Use 8 Decarbonizing Building Energy Use Commercial Buildings Energy Use • • Electrify Heat in 130mm buildings via Heat Pumps • Air Source • Ground Source (geothermal) • District Heating Clean non-electric heat from renewable gas, green hydrogen Challenges: • Policies to promote new & retrofits • Financing is critical: ~$10Tn 9 Decarbonizing Industrial Energy Use EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES & PRODUCTION Other 18% Iron & Steel 25% Ammonia 7% Lime 8% Cement 24% • Can focus first on big five: steel, cement, chemicals, lime, ammonia • Massive R&D -- new technologies, processes, and materials ($30 Bn) • Policies that promote decarbonization for all industry – carbon tax insufficient • “Buy green” incentives seem useful • Industries need public-private collaboratives • Pre-commercial public funding important Petrochemical 18% 10 Decarbonizing Transportation TRANSPORTATION EMISSIONS Ships 2% Aircraft 10% Rail 2% Other 5% Passenger Cars 41% Medium, Heavy-Duty Trucks 23% • Passenger car transition to EV and FCVs underway – need public and private infrastructure • All other forms of transport need R&D, incentives, and requirements: • Airlines and trucking: electricity, H 2, biofuels • Railroads: electricity likely • Ships: electricity, H 2, ammonia Light-Duty Trucks 17% 11 3. Clean Fuel Supplies 12 Carbon Capture, Sequestration, and Use Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions report, (2019), McKinsey(2020); Energy Impact Partners 13 CO2 Pipeline Network 14 Hydrogen is Versatile, But Must Get Cheaper and Needs Infrastructure Source: International Renewable Energy Agency (2018) 15 16 We Can Do This, But It’s Not Easy • Projections show a net zero energy system achievable by 2050 • Electric prices and reliability ~ same(!) • ~2x+ the size of current grid • 500,000 to 1,000,000 net new jobs • Large health and env. justice benefits Rosie the Riveter • The challenges are technical, policy, and fiscal commitment • ~2x to ~3x increase in federal R&D – storage, clean fuels, industrial processes • Planning and policies to 2x grid and build H2/RNG/CCS infrastructure • $100s of Bn in public funds – unlocking $Tns private capital 17