Juridical and Sociological Foundations of National Integration

JURIDICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION A. Juridical Basis of Integration Juridically, the ideal foundation of national integration is stated in the foundation of the Indonesian State Pancasila, the third principle, namely, Indonesian Unity. To realize the unity of Indonesia in the reality of a diverse Indonesian nation, national integration has an important role that is very strategic. Indonesia, which has a variety of ethnic groups, religions, races and groups that are different, certainly gives birth to different cultures, this is very potential to store conflicts that can endanger national unity. For this reason, through national integration, it is sought to uphold the unity and integrity of the nation. Then in the first thought of the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia states that the state protects the entire Indonesian nation and the entire Indonesian blood spill based on unity by realizing social justice for all Indonesian people. This means that, in the Preamble of the 1943 Constitution has an understanding of the state of unity, namely the state wants to protect the entire Indonesian nation and the entire blood spill, overcoming all group and individual understandings. The Indonesian state is based on unity and integrity as the basis of national integration, there should be no group understanding or individual understanding. This meaning is known as the understanding of the state of unity, namely the understanding of the integralistic state. Thus, national integration is the implementation of the spirit of integralistic state ideology as mandated in the main ideas contained in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution. This shows the strong relationship of the main ideas contained in the preamble with the 3rd Precept of Pancasila, namely Indonesian Unity. The juridical basis of national integration in systematic order can be stated, among others: a) ideal foundation, b) constitutional foundation, c) the foundation of the MPR RI decree, d) Law no. 3 of 2002. Each of these foundations can be explained as follows: a. Ideal Foundation of National Integration The ideal foundation of the importance of national integration is Pancasila, the 3rd principle, namely Indonesian Unity. Through the spirit of Indonesian Unity, all different ethnic groups, adherents of different religions, different races, and different groups must unite in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). b. Constitutional Foundation of National Integration UUD NRI 1945 As for the constitutional basis in national integration, namely the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia as contained in the Preamble and articles of the 1945 Constitution, among others: 1) Preamble of the 1945 Constitution aline IV: among others states, the Republic of Indonesia which is sovereignty of the people based on the unity of Indonesia. 2) In the articles of the 1945 Constitution, namely: • Article 1 of the 1945 Constitution: paragraph (1), namely the state of Indonesia is a unitary state in the form of a republic. • Article 30 of the 1945 Constitution: paragraph (1), that every citizen is entitled and obliged to participate in the defense and security of the country. Paragraph (2), that state defense and security efforts are carried out through a universal people's defense and security system by the Indonesian National Army and the Indonesian National Police, as the main force, and the people, as a supporting force. Paragraph (3), The Indonesian National Army consists of the Army, Navy and Air Force as state instruments tasked with defending, protecting and maintaining the integrity and sovereignty of the state. c. The foundation of MPR Decree No. V/MPR/2000, on Strengthening National Unity and Integrity. National Unity and Integrity. The aims and objectives of the MPR Decree are related to the conditions required by the Indonesian nation as well as the right direction and policy, in order to further strengthen the unity and integrity of the Indonesian nation in the framework of strong national integration. 1. Aims and Objectives of MPR Decree No. V/MPR/2000 The Decree on the strengthening of national unity and integrity has the aims and objectives to generally identify existing problems, determine the conditions that must be created in order to lead to national reconciliation and establish policy directions as guidelines for implementing the strengthening of national unity and integrity. 2. Conditions needed Tap MPR RI No. V/MPR/year 2000 The various national problems faced today must be resolved thoroughly through a process of reconciliation in order to create stable national unity. In this case, the following conditions are needed. a) The realization of the principle of Indonesian Unity, which is the third principle of Pancasila, as the basis for uniting the nation. b) The realization of state administration that is able to understand and manage national diversity well and fairly so that tolerance, social harmony, togetherness and equality of the nation can be realized. c) The realization of democracy that guarantees the rights and obligations of the community to be involved in the political decision-making process freely and responsibly so as to foster awareness to strengthen national unity. d) The implementation of regional autonomy in a fair manner, which gives authority to the regions to manage their own regions, with a view to national unity and integrity. e) Restoration of public trust in state administrators and among fellow citizens so that it can become the basis for harmony in state life. 3. Policy Direction of MPR No. V/MPR/2000 The policy direction for reconciliation in an effort to strengthen national unity is as follows. a) Making Pancasila an open state ideology with open discourse and dialog in society so that it can answer challenges in accordance with the vision of Indonesia in the future. b) Improving social harmony among and between religious, ethnic and other community groups through dialog and cooperation with the principles of togetherness, equality, tolerance and mutual respect. Government intervention in socio-cultural life needs to be reduced, while community potential and initiatives need to be enhanced. c) Empower the community through the improvement of a democratic political system so as to give birth to qualified, responsible leaders who are the role models of the community, and are able to unite the nation and state. d) Streamline the Indonesian National Army as a state instrument that plays a role in defense and the Indonesian National Police as a state instrument that plays a role in security, and restore the identity of the Indonesian National Army and the Indonesian National Police as part of the people. Improve the ability of Indonesia's human resources so that they are able to cooperate and compete as a nation and citizen of the world with a view to national unity and integrity. d. Foundation of National Integration Legislation, Law No. 3 Year 2002 about the State Defense of the Republic of Indonesia. a) Article 1, Contains general provisions on national defense. In the general provisions of state defense, there are important elements of national integration, namely: 1) State defense is all efforts to defend the sovereignty of the state, the territorial integrity of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia, and the safety of the entire nation from threats and disturbances to the integrity of the nation and state. 2) The national defense system is a universal defense system that involves all citizens, territories, and other national resources, as well as being prepared early by the government and held in a total, integrated, directed, and continuous manner to uphold the sovereignty of the state, territorial integrity, and the safety of the entire nation. territory, and the safety of the entire nation from all threats. b) Article 4 State defense aims to maintain and protect the sovereignty of the state, the territorial integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, and the safety of the entire nation from all forms of threats. c) Article 5 State defense functions to realize and maintain the entire territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia as a defense unit. d) Article 9 1) Every citizen is entitled and obliged to participate in state defense efforts which are realized in the implementation of state defense. 2) Citizen participation in state defense efforts, as referred to in paragraph (1), is organized through: • civic education; • compulsory basic military training; • service as a soldier of the Indonesian National Army voluntarily or compulsorily; and • compulsorily; and • service in accordance with the profession. 3) Provisions regarding civic education, compulsory basic military training, and service in accordance with a profession shall be regulated by law. B. Sociological Foundation of National Integration The sociological foundation in the context of national integration means that, the unity of all Indonesian people is based on the reality of a social community that gives place to a whole different society in a common container, because it is based on common interests. Integration is a system that experiences blending until it becomes a unified whole. Social integration is interpreted as a process of adjustment between different elements in community life so as to produce a pattern of community life that has balanced harmony and harmony. It is called social integration if what is controlled, united, or linked to each other are social or societal elements. A social integration is needed so that society is not divided despite facing various challenges, both in the form of physical challenges and conflicts that occur socio-culturally. According to the view of functionalists, the structure of the social system is always integrated on the following two foundations: 1) A society is always integrated on the growth of consensus (agreement) among most members of society about fundamental social values. 2) The society is integrated because various members of the society are simultaneously members of various social units (cross-cutting affiliation). Any conflicts that occur between social units with other social units, will soon be neutralized by the existence of multiple loyalties (cross-cutting loyalities) from community members to various social units. The double loyalty means that a social unit based on the socio-cultural value system it adheres to, can accept the sociocultural value system adopted by other different social units. The acceptance of differences in socio-cultural values is based on the dual loyalty of social entities that are embedded in national integration, which can also neutralize social conflicts. Conflict theorists (Karl Marx, Lewis A. Coser, Ralf Dahrendorf etc.), argue that society is integrated by force and because of the interdependence between various groups. Social integration will be formed if most people have an agreement on territorial boundaries, values, norms, and social institutions. Forms of social integration are assimilation and acculturation. Assimilation is the blending of cultures accompanied by the characteristics of the original culture. Acculturation, which is the acceptance of some foreign elements without eliminating the original culture. example: sekaten ceremony, acculturation between Javanese, Islamic and Hindu cultures. Factors driving national integration, among others, there are internal factors, such as: 1) self-awareness as a social being, 2) demands of needs, 3) soul and spirit of mutual cooperation. Then external factors, such as: 1) demands of the times, 2) cultural similarities, 3) open opportunities to participate in common life, 4) tolerance, etc. The success of Social Integration can be achieved if community members in existing social units can accept differences. Therefore, to improve social integration, it is necessary: 1) Each individual in a social unit must be able to control differences in order to avoid conflicts that exist in a nation's strength. 2) Each member of society must be able to fill the needs of one another. 3) The creation of a collective agreement on social norms and values to guide social life. National integration means the process of uniting various cultural and social groups into a unified national territory that forms a national identity. Anthropologically, integration means the process of adjustment between different cultural elements so as to achieve a harmony of functions in community life. Howard Wriggins, a sociologist, states that the notion of nationality already implies the integration of the nation. That is, the statement of the different elements of a society into a more unified whole. Or in other words, national means the fusion of the small and numerous elements of society into a unified nation. Our question now is what factors drive the fusion process. According to a French sociologist named Ernest Renant, the fusion process arises due to the awareness, desire and willingness to unite. The willingness to unite or to be come together arises due to various similarities, including the same fate in the course of history. Based on the description above, it can be stated that the national integration of the Indonesian nation is the desire and awareness to unite as one nation, namely the Indonesian nation. The desire and awareness to unite as one nation was officially realized in a national agreement or consensus through the youth oath on October 28, 1928. We, the sons and daughters of Indonesia, claim one homeland, the homeland of Indonesia. Confessing one nation, the Indonesian nation. Speak one language, the Indonesian language. The willingness to unite was well realized by the pioneers of Indonesian independence, because they realized how heterogeneous the society and culture of this nation was. That is why the state form as one of the manifestations of national integration is the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). The embodiment of national integration of the heterogeneous society and culture of the Indonesian nation is expressed in the motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika.