Principles and Influence Factors Government Management

PRINCIPLES AND INFLUENCE FACTORS GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT A. INTRODUCTION Government management is an effort carried out by the government to meet all the needs of the community using existing facilities. Government management is a necessity that must be implemented in the government system. The government's failure in managing the country is one of the weak management practices applied by the government in managing the country. Government management is a necessity nowadays. In this era of globalization, the government is required to improve performance and public services. Because good performance and public service will increase public trust in the government. At this time, the government management system needs to receive significant attention if this nation and state wants to change for the better. The multidimensional crisis facing Indonesia today is largely caused by weak government management in all lines and sectors. The government management that has been carried out so far has been created to serve more power and to systematically try to perpetuate power which tends to be authoritarian so that it is less oriented towards public services. Apart from that, there are still many problems in the existing government management system, such as democracy, decentralization and bureaucracy. So it has a big impact on the authority of an effective and efficient government. Management science talks about organizational systems which include planning, control and supervision. Management is a systematic science because it relates to cooperation between individuals or groups in realizing organizational goals. Meanwhile, the government is an organization that carries out duties and functions in serving the community. The government is a state institution that is organized and has a good system and has the power to carry out its authority. This means that power in government is absolute so that a government without power cannot possibly function. B. TEN PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT The era of globalization with increasingly advanced technology and digitalization systems has caused major changes in the human life cycle which have an impact on organizational and management changes, including changes to government management systems. This change is a shift in the function that has been carried out by the government, namely the planning function. Thinking about the concept of government management began with the thoughts put forward by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler. According to them, good and effective government management has ten principles of government that reduce the role of government so that it becomes more efficient. The ten principles are: 1) Catalyst Governance; Steering rather than pedaling. Government administration is carried out using the principle of public-private partnership. 2) Giving Authority Rather than Serving; In the field of government, this can be done by changing the paradigm of the apparatus from which the community has been the object to become the subject, providing wider opportunities for the community in carrying out development activities; involving the community in monitoring and development; creating services and access to express their aspirations. 3) Inject competition into service delivery; This is based on the fact that competition rewards innovation, awakens fighting spirit and self-esteem. The application of this principle in government administration is carried out by developing high competitiveness in providing services to the community; eliminating bureaucratic obstacles, for example in licensing; provide rewards and punishments for providing services to the community. 4) Mission-driven governance with regulatory-driven organizational change; This underlies the premise that mission-driven organizations are more efficient, more effective, more innovative, more flexible and have more high morale than those driven by regulations; This is done where each regional government organizational unit has a clear mission, involving parties to participate in making contributions in formulating the Vision and Mission of the organizational unit; reducing obstacles in achieving the Vision and Mission, creating a Mission-driven budget system that has advantages over those driven by regulations. 5) Government that is oriented towards results, not input; This fifth principle is realized by: prioritizing results over input; reviewing and selecting activities that bring results and benefit society; efficiency in carrying out activities to achieve maximum results. By showing results, you will get community support. Therefore, performance measurement is very necessary to distinguish success from failure. By measuring performance, you can see, appreciate success and recognize failure to improve it. 6) Customer-oriented government; Catering to customers, not bureaucracy. This is realized by: prioritizing community needs and not solely bureaucratic interests; provide opportunities for the community to measure the success of service activities; provide ample opportunities for the community to express their aspirations/needs. Therefore, one form of service to customers is to implement Integrated Quality Management (MMT). 7) Entrepreneurial Government; Earn rather than spend. This can be realized through actions: looking for new financial sources from various activities and investing the results to improve people's welfare, not routine government activities for bureaucratic purposes; Thinking about new activities but not becoming a burden on society; developing resource potential while protecting the environment and not creating new burdens for society. 8) Anticipatory government; prevent rather than cure. This can be done by: Anticipating possible problems responsively, therefore analyzing potential problems is necessary; preventing problems from arising, and dealing with problems that have arisen before they become bigger problems. Concrete forms include developing fire prevention, carrying out public health care, for example immunization, environmental protection, which currently still lacks attention from local governments even though environmental organization units have been formed. 9) Decentralized Government; Hierarchy towards participation and Team Work. Decentralized institutions have several advantages: more flexible, more effective; more innovative; generates more work enthusiasm; the more commitment, the greater the productivity. This can be realized by: decentralizing to subordinate work units, or third parties which can be carried out by third parties; Minimize centralized actions. In this regard, it is necessary to decentralize public organization with participatory management by forming work teams such as the quality group team; employee committee; attitude surveys, employee and manager evaluations; discovery policy; innovation race; employee development programs and reward programs. 10) Market-oriented government; Driving change through markets. This activity can be carried out by taking action: making changes through its authority to market mechanisms; encourage and facilitate the economic progress of society rather than the government being its own manager who will absorb large amounts of labor and budget; submit government performance assessments to the community. In this activity there must be a market-based regulatory policy that prioritizes incentives, not orders. The organization developed by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler is also more oriented/oriented towards a future or modern organization. This is very different from Max Weber's ideal type of bureaucratic organization, which is more towards the traditional type of organization. In Indonesia itself, government management that will be carried out by the government now and in the future must continue to adhere to the basic values of life of Indonesian society. The various theories and concepts of government management that are applied must be based on the spirit of Pancasila as the basis of the state. C. FACTORS AFFECTING GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT There are several factors that influence government management so far, both internal and external. However, in this discussion we try to explain three important factors that influence government management, namely: 1) Structural changes. In line with democracy and the Reinventing Government paradigm, there will be changes in structural relationships and broader authority. This in itself requires readiness to organize and manage one's own household affairs more freely. The bureaucracy is positioned as a neutral party (public service neutrality) so that it will be more likely to implement various public policies decided by the political party that wins the election. 2) Functional Changes. Major changes in government management occurred with the concept of Regom from David Osborne (1999) which proposed the need to transform the entrepreneurial spirit in the public sector, which essentially reduces the role of government by empowering the community and making the government sector more efficient. Among the various government management reforms, currently the one that is widely used is Osborne's opinion through the Reinventing Government paradigm. To implement the Regom concept, there are five strategies that need to be implemented, namely: The Core Strategy, The Consequences Strategy, The Customer Strategy, The Control Strategy, and The Kulture Strategy. These five strategies need to be used to improve public sector performance for the better. It contains a methodology for fundamentally changing government organizations at all levels, both central, regional and local. This strategy also shows that it is possible to implement communitycentered government in line with the concept of people-centered development. Along with increasing public awareness of their rights and obligations as citizens and community members, changes in strategies for providing services to the community are needed, one important strategy is empowering departments. Empowerment of agencies is an absolute prerequisite so that autonomy can be implemented in a real and responsible manner, because basically the core of decentralization is the delegation of authority, while the core of implementation lies with the agencies that handle that authority. 3) Cultural Changes. Cultural change must start from updating the vision and mission of the government organization launched by the Head as leader and leader. In connection with cultural change, there are three approaches in implementing cultural strategies, namely: abandoning old habits that are no longer appropriate to the times (breaking habits), trying to reach the deepest part of the heart so that they are willing to accept the changes offered (touching hearts) and how to enter patterns new thinking that is in line with the desired direction of change (winning minds). Structural, functional and cultural changes in government management will cover all aspects, but the main aspects are: Human Resources management aspects, Planning management aspects, Financial Management aspects, Logistics Management aspects, and Conflict management aspects.