Organization And Management

ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT A. Organization Organizational science is part of Administrative Science because organization is an element of administration. So discussion of organizations will give rise to organizational science as a branch of Administrative Science. According to Weber in his book Silalahi (2011: 124) explains the meaning of organization as follows: "Organization is a system of social relations, where each individual who collaborates carries out a process of interaction with other individuals." According to Waldo in his book Silalahi (2011: 124) states: "Organization is a structure of relationships between people based on authority and is permanent in an administrative system." According to the explanation above, it can be concluded that an organization is a collaborative process carried out by two people or a group who have authority and responsibility in running an organization. According to Etzioni in his book Silalahi (2011:125) an organization is a grouping of people who are deliberately organized to achieve certain goals. Explain the characteristics of the organization as follows: a) There is a division in work, power and responsibility for communication, which are forms of division that are invariably planned to further increase efforts to realize certain goals. b) To control the organization's efforts and direct the organization to achieve its goals, the center of power must also continuously review the extent of the results that the organization has achieved, and if necessary, it must also develop new patterns to increase efficiency. c) Replacement of energy, in this case the employee who is deemed not working as expected, can be replaced by another employee. Likewise, organizations can recombine their members through transfer or promotion processes. According to Silalahi (2011:132) there are many various forms and types of organizations that can be categorized as organizational forms into: • Line or Stripe Organization. Where authority flows from the top of the organization and is delegated to organizational units below it in all work sectors. And responsibility also flows from the bottom to the top level in stages based on hierarchy. • Line and Staff Organization. In addition to authority originating from top leadership and delegated to units below the hierarchy in all work units, there are also organizational units that assist leaders in certain fields without participating in line authority. • Functional Organization. An organization where the authority of the top leadership is delegated to organizational units down to the lowest level in certain areas of work and each unit leader has functional authority to command all implementers from all units as far as their work is concerned. • Line-Functional Organization. Shows the characteristics of line organization and functional organization. • Line-Staff-Functional Organization. Shows the characteristics of line and staff organizations and functional organizations. B. Management Management begins with a broad view of the nature, scope and function of its use in every organizational collaboration activity. The definition of management from several experts' opinions is always different, for this reason the researcher will present the opinions of experts regarding the definition of management according to Manulang (1992: 11) which states: "Management is the art and science of planning, organizing, arranging, deploying and supervising human resources to achieve predetermined goals." The definition of management according to Siagian (1992:11), states: "Management can be defined as the ability or skill to obtain results in order to achieve goals through the activities of other people." According to Hasibuan's opinion (2013; 5) in his book basic management, understanding and problems, the definition of management is: "Management is the science and art of managing the process of utilizing human resources effectively and efficiently to achieve a certain goal." Some of these definitions include elements of management, namely: a) The existence of humans (humans as leaders). b) There are goals to be achieved (as a form of direction) c) The existence of a forum, namely an organizational body where people work d) The existence of tools to achieve goals e) Activities or activities such as planning, organizing and so on. According to Siagiyan in his book Silalahi (2011: 137) explains the definition of management as follows: "Management can be defined as the ability or skill to obtain results in order to achieve goals through the activities of other people." According to Sutarto in his book Silalahi (2011: 137) states: "Management is a series of structuring activities in the form of mobilizing people and directing work facilities so that the goals of cooperation are truly achieved." Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that management as a process is a series of stages of activities to achieve certain goals by utilizing existing resources as effectively and efficiently as possible. The process of activities and management dynamics in an effort to achieve organizational goals based on levels within the organization, according to Silalahi (2011: 141), management levels can be differentiated according to Silalahi (2011: 141), namely: 1) Top Management (top management). People who are in top management positions are called top managers who are identified in various titles, for example: chairman of the board, president, chief executive officer, senior vice-president. Management and top are responsible for the overall management and organization. 2) Middle Management (middle management). People in middle management positions are called middle managers, who may consist of more than one level in the organization. These people are usually identified by titles, such as divisional manager, regional manager, product manager, sales manager, marketing manager, personal manager, financial manager. The responsibility of middle managers is to drive activities by implementing the policies outlined by top managers. 3) Lower Management (lower management). Responsible for driving worker operations. Managers in lower level management are better known as supervisors, such as production supervisor, technical supervisor in addition to the titles: foreman (foreman), department manager, assistant department manager.