Individual Task Philosophy Of Education Course

INDIVIDUAL TASK PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION COURSE Material: Summary of Meetings 1 to 5 TASK: 1. Try making a resume for meeting 1 to meeting 6 ANSWER: At the first meeting we discussed the systematics of educational philosophy lectures, as well as introductions to friends and lecturers. At the second meeting, we discussed one of the schools of thought in philosophy and I decided to choose the school of rationalism. This school of rationalism emerged in the 17th century brought by the figure Rene Descartes (1596-1650) who popularized this school of thought with the expression cogito ergo sum which means I think so there is. This school of thought emphasizes its philosophical method on rationality and reliable knowledge is reason and reason. The most popular method from this school of thought is the deductive method, which uses a pattern of reasoning by drawing conclusions from something general to apply to specific things. Meanwhile, in the workshop book Science: Philosophy published by Essence, the school of rationalism is a school that wants to base all knowledge on universal abstract principles that are inherent in every person. According to Descartes' dualistic metaphysics, the universe consists of two basic types of materials, namely mind and matter. Thought is seen as "Thinking Substance that has no Extension" (From the two sources above, I can conclude that in the school of rationalism it is emphasized that in philosophy there are two things that can be trusted, namely reason (mind) and reason (matter) which, if explained, will be seen as "Thinking Substance that Has No Extension" (res cogitans), while matter is seen as "an extension of time and space (res extenza)". At the third meeting, we discussed the conclusion of the general lecture which discussed the relationship between ICT and the dimensions of educational administration during the Covid-19 pandemic, which of course is also related to this educational philosophy course. The emergence of the industrial revolution in Indonesia marked the entry of technological systems into various aspects in every aspect of Indonesian society's life. Be it banking aspects, trade aspects, daily life aspects, even educational aspects cannot be separated from the influence of this technology. Daily life cannot be separated from use The internet can be accessed via cellphone, laptop, television and so on. There are many positive impacts resulting from the influence of the internet in everyday life, especially in the educational aspect of life which makes the online learning process easier, especially during the Covid-19 period. In this 4IR era, educational administration itself cannot be separated from the influence of this technology. The existence of a new mindset, digitalization of management, mass use of technology, the internet being used in everything and having adaptive capabilities or the ability to adapt to existing changes are characteristics of the new face of educational administration in facing the industrial revolution 4.0 process. Apart from having a positive impact, the fourth industrial revolution will also certainly bring shocks or negative impacts which will certainly be a challenge for us as the millennial generation in minimizing the impact. As the millennial generation, we can answer and face these challenges meaningfully if we are able to mobilize the wisdom of our minds, hearts and souls collectively by adapting, changing and blocking potential bad impacts so that it is safe for both ourselves and others by sharpening and apply the following four types of intelligence, namely: contextual intelligence, emotional intelligence, inspiring intelligence, and finally physical intelligence. The fourth meeting discussed ontology, epistemology and axiology as the philosophical basis of science. According to the term, ontology is the essential science that investigates the real world and how things really are. According to Bahrum (2013), ontology is the most general part of philosophy, or is part of metaphysics, and metaphysics is a chapter of philosophy. The object of ontological study is that which exists is not tied to one particular manifestation, ontology discusses that which exists universally, namely trying to find the core contained in every reality which includes all reality in all its forms. Epistemolology is a science that discusses in depth the entire process of constructing true knowledge. Axiology is a science that investigates the nature of values from a philosophical perspective. So what is fundamental at the axiological level is what is this knowledge used for? How does scientific use relate to moral ethics? How is the object being researched morally determined? How do scientific procedures and scientific methods relate to moral rules? For example, in the development of science and technology, the discovery of nuclear weapons can lead to war disasters, the discovery of detectors can develop surveillance tools for other people's convenience, the discovery of cunning methods by political scientists and so on. This example illustrates that the value of scientific development can have both positive and negative impacts. This cannot be denied because the nature of science is value-free. This means that when physicists develop nuclear science, they are not actually thinking about how to destroy humans, but how nuclear reactions occur. The fifth meeting discussed the meaning of science and scientific truth. The terminology of science from a language perspective, especially English, is Science, in Indonesian it is called Ilmu. The word science in English comes from the Latin scire, which means learning or knowing. In Arabic the word science comes from the word alima. Deep knowledge, knowledge about the nature of things that is understood confidently and clearly. This science starts from empirical experience as an excavation process. Knowledge in English is called knowledge. In Indonesian there is often no distinction between the meanings of the words science and knowledge and they have one meaning as Knowledge. (Muhammad TH, 1984:38). Another opinion states that, Science is a form of knowledge obtained through scientific methods called "deductive - hypothetico - verification", or logico-hypotetico-verivikatif. (Yuyun Suriasumantri, 1996) The process of collecting empirical facts to determine whether they are true or not, whether they correspond to reality is called verification, namely the process of checking or testing the correctness of the processing methods used, or proving with standard test equipment, for example in the calculation process, research. Is it the right way to calculate it, is it the right way to do the research? Are the calculation techniques or research techniques correct? According to Yuyun Suriasumantri (1996), the logicalo-hypotetico-verivative process of scientific thinking is carried out through the following stages: 1. Problem Formulation 2. Preparation of a framework for proposing a hypothesis (literature study and scientific documentation) 3. Formulation of a hypothesis 4. Testing the hypothesis, this requires relevant empirical data and information). The process and methods of testing must be valid and valid, which is called data verification. 5. The process of accepting or rejecting conclusions, whether the hypothesis is accepted or rejected. The term truth has 4 different meanings symbolized by T1, T2, T3, T4. (Lincoln & Guba ; 1985): 1. Truth T1. Metaphysical Truth. It is the most basic truth and the pinnacle of all truths that have ever existed (ultimate truth). It must be accepted as it is (taken for granted). Given. The truth of faith and the absolute doctrine of religion. Sourced from revelation 2. Truth T2. Ethical Truth. Truth refers to a set of moral or professional standards as a guide to behavior that must be carried out by office holders (code of conduct). A person is said to be right if he adheres to and carries out actions in accordance with the standards of behavior that he must carry out. T2 comes from T1 or socio-cultural norms, professional communities. (There are absolute ones and there are relative ones). 3. Truth T3. Logical Truth. The truth of the consensus result is considered correct if it is mathematically consistent or coherent with what has been acknowledged in T1 & T2. 4. Truth T4. Empirical Truth. Truth that is tested and resistant to criticism or falsification. Scientific truth is consistent with natural reality, scientifically justified and verified. Correspondence between theory, facts and reality Theoretically, a truth basically involves the existence of objects and subjects, facts and reality. Regarding these elements, there are at least several theories that can provide an explanation of these elements, namely: 1. Correspondence Theory. It is said to be true if there is an interactional relationship between the subject and the object (knower & known). The material contained in the statement corresponds to the actual object. Example; 17-August Republic of Indonesia independence day. Drugs destroy the nation's generations. (closely related to T4) 2. Coherence Theory. It is said to be true if it refers to the truth that is in accordance with the previous statement. Refers to logical truths that precede empirical truths. Example. = Upi is a higher education institution that specializes in educational sciences, its students study educational sciences. The premises he uses: Major Premise, Minor Premise and Sylogism. 3. Pragmatism Theory. Truth is concluded in something that is functional for human life. Truth is seen from the perspective of utility value for human life.