Educational Planning Methods

EDUCATIONAL PLANNING METHODS INTRODUCTION In connection with fulfilling the assignment for the first meeting of the educational planning management course, this mini paper was prepared. This mini paper will discuss social demand planning or in layman's language it can be interpreted as an educational planning approach in discussing social demands regarding society's need for education. Apart from that, this mini paper will also discuss manpower planning, cost benefit analysis and finally strategic planning. Manpower planning is planning the placement of competent workforce in accordance with the needs of educational institutions. Cost benefit analysis itself is an educational cost analysis approach carried out to evaluate the use of resources so that they can be used efficiently. Finally, strategic planning is a planning process which includes strategic planning, strategic policies and programs, as well as selecting goals to be implemented. The many educational problems in Indonesia, starting from educational inequality in the financing sector, infrastructure development, and placement of teacher workforce that is not in accordance with their areas of expertise, require Indonesia to have a well-designed education plan. The four points above are important components of educational planning management which will be discussed in general and are related to each other. This mini paper will also discuss concepts, philosophy and examples related to the four main points as explained above. DISCUSSION A. Social Demand Planning 1. Concept Social demand planning or what can be called social needs planning is an educational planning approach that discusses the demands of society's needs for education. planning that uses a social demand approach can also be intended as a solution approach to the problem of unequal access to education in Indonesia. Kumar (in Devi, 2015, p. 3) argues that "the estimates of the social demand are based on the demographic trends, an also based on the transition probabilities of enrollment, the admission rates, the retention rules do and wastage roles etc. at different levels of education” It can be interpreted that social needs planning is based on demographic trends which include population size, geographical distribution of population, population composition and demographic character of society in Indonesia, besides that it can also be based on the possibility of transition. or changes in community registration in various educational institutions, which in short can be called population trends. Population changes will continue to occur and create changes in educational needs from time to time, which will result in changes in the need for educational facilities both in terms of infrastructure, financing and skilled labor. This is the same as the opinion expressed by Dash and Dash (in Devi, 2015, p. 3) namely "a pressing demand for further expansion of educational facilities the social demand puts emphasis on planning and streamlining educational expansion on the basic of demands in the society ”. 2. Philosophy Social demand planning is based on changes in the demographic conditions of Indonesian society. These changes in demographic conditions encourage changes in needs for the use of educational infrastructure and facilities. Social demand planning is an initial approach to educational planning using projection techniques. 3. Example As explained above, social demand planning is based on changes in population trends which result in changes in educational needs. One example is the difference in the need for educational facilities, in this case classrooms, between schools that have more than a thousand students compared to schools that have less than a thousand students, of course requiring fewer classrooms. B. Manpower Planning 1. Concept Manpower planning or workforce planning is a process of analyzing the placement of competent expert workforce tailored to the needs of educational institutions. In essence, the function of manpower planning is to arrange or match the placement of workers according to experts in their fields and the needs of educational institutions. One of the educational problems that can be solved by manpower planning is that errors often occur in the placement of teaching staff in an institution. So it is hoped that with this manpower planning there will be no more errors in the placement of skilled workers which will result in losses for either individuals or related educational institutions. 2. Philosophy Manpower planning as an alternative solution in resolving the problem of inappropriate workforce placement in educational institutions in particular. As an alternative solution and evaluation material to fulfill the needs of educators who will fill positions in educational institutions. 3. Example In many schools in Indonesia, especially in elementary school educational institutions, teaching staff teach subjects at once for one class, even those that do not correspond to the field of expertise they are involved in and studying. This problem can be based on a shortage of teaching staff in an educational institution and the inequality of educational facilities, especially for schools located in the 3T (Frontier, Outermost, Disadvantaged) areas. So manpower planning can be used as an alternative solution to solve this problem. C. Cost Benefits Analysis 1. Concept Cost benefit analysis or what can be called cost benefit analysis financing is a systematic approach used in estimating educational costs and the advantages or disadvantages of the alternatives used. Nanang. F (in Dedy, p. 3) believes that cost benefit analysis is the ratio between financial benefits as a result of education and costs incurred for education. Education costs are not only in the form of money or rupiah, but also in terms of opportunity costs. Thus, the overall costs of education are direct costs (in the form of money or rupiah) and indirect costs (the student's potential income while he is in school). 2. Philosophical The philosophy of cost benefit analysis itself is that, as the name suggests, this analyst calculates the benefits of educational costs incurred with the results of educational income. With this cost benefit analysis, it is hoped that there will be no educational funding that will not be useful in this case resulting in benefits from education. 3. Example An individual who received education from elementary school to college should have a higher income than an individual who only received education up to high school (SMA). Because if you look at the amount of educational costs incurred, the ratio will be greater educational costs incurred by individuals who have received education up to tertiary institutions compared to individuals who have only received education up to high school (SMA).