History Chapter 1 – History As A Science

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT CREDIT HOURS : 3 CREDIT SEMESTER/SESSION : 4th SEMESTER, 2022/2023 SESSION TOPIC : HISTORY CHAPTER 1 – HISTORY AS A SCIENCE ______________________________________________________________________________ 1. Explain the difference between a work of history and a work of literature. History is a term that can be understood in two senses, specifically history as past events and history as a reconstruction of past events. Literature, on the other hand, is an imaginative or fictitious work using the medium of language with great aesthetic value. Literature has nothing to do with objective facts that are not in the form of literature. Instead, literature is given subjective meanings by the author. Aspects of difference can be seen in differences in the object of the event, language style, truth or conclusion and nature. a. Event Object Aspect The object of events of a historical work is in objects or things that have historical elements (temples, inscriptions, reliefs, etc.). The object of events of historical works tends to be static unlike literary works that change and are not long in time. Meanwhile, the object of events from literary works is in the form of events that occurred during the growth of literature from a region. b. Aspects of Truth or Conclusion Historical works as legality or truth of today's events are measured through historical events in the past. The truth in literary works is not an unreal or fictitious truth. As literary works are created by empowering the imagination and imagination of the author, as if the stories in his work are "living people", the truth is subjective and fabricated by the author. c. Aspects of Language Style Because history is a work that has factual truth with the object of study of real events and really happened, so history is also used as a reference for several other branches of science in its development. so, the use of language in historical works uses official language, the language style used is in a complete form. Literary works that contain the imagination of the author with high aesthetic value content in the manufacturing process. thus, literary works tend to have a variety of language styles that adjust to what they want to convey. very thick with the use of majas, comparative language, affirmation and others. d. Aspects of Nature Historical works, a scientific branch used in the development of other sciences, certainly have concrete, educative, inspirational and instructive properties. Meanwhile, literary works are the result of the author's imagination, so literary works are imaginary, unreal and entertainment. 2. Explain the differences and similarities between the research results and the novel that tells the story of Patih Gadjah Mada! History as a story is defined as a historical account based on reconstructed past events. First, historical researchers reconstruct memories of past events. Then, the events are scientifically organized based on historical facts which will then be interpreted in detail and a story will be obtained. The story of this event is written in oral or written form (to make it easy to understand). Although there is often subjectivity of researchers (caused by various factors) in the preparation of historical stories, historical research can still be used as a source of knowledge. This source of knowledge can be a reference for a series of historical stories. The two books above (research and novel) write about Gadjahmada (Patih of Majapahit Kingdom). a. Similarities 1) Both contain Gadjahmada's life history. 2) Both include research data and historical facts. However, the novel Gadjahmada is written in a lighter language and both emphasize Gadjahmada's greatness as Patih of Majapahit kingdom. b. Differences 1) The research results do not have an element of subjectivity. In contrast, historical novels are subjective because they are written based on the author's imagination and perspective (although there are historical facts in them). 2) Research results are written using scientific language, while historical novels are written in a language that is light and easy to understand. Historical research writes about Gadjahmada's life journey and achievements based on data. 3) The historical novel is inspired by Gadjahmada's greatness, and then expands the parts and storyline to make the reader more interested. 3. Which one is more suitable to be used as a reference when studying history! A historical text is an explanation of the historical facts or past events behind an event. A historical novel is a story or tale that describes past events with the intention of recreating them but with the addition of a novel written by the author. The difference between a historical text and a historical novel. Here is the answer to the question: What is the difference between a historical novel and a historical text. 1) Reading: The difference between fairy tales and fables • An example of an epic quest • Punctuation 2) Appearance • Novels contain fictional/non-real characters • Store history story text is based on data and facts. 3) Sequence Flow: • Novel is hierarchical • Gradual history text 4) Facts • Historical novels do not contain complete facts, there is always the author's imagination in their praise. • Historical texts contain true stories or information that really happened. 5) Type of Work • Historical novels belong to literary works • Historical texts belong to the genre of scientific works. You can use this as a table of differences between historical novels and historical texts, for a school assignment. A historical novel is a long prose essay that contains a series of stories from a person's life with the people around him by emphasizing the character and nature of each actor related to history. The differences between historical novels and historical narrative texts are: a) The characters in historical novels are not real, while the characters in historical texts are real b) Events in historical novels are not so real (can be the author's imagination), while events in real story texts are quite real and really happened. c) The sources or data for historical novels are mostly from the author (only a small part is actually real and usually just inspiration), while the sources or data for true story texts come from relevant and valid facts. d) Historical novels are considered literary works, while historical texts are considered scientific works. The similarities between historical novels and historical texts are historical: • The content of historical novels and historical story texts is related to history. • Information about historical novels and historical texts is based on facts. 4. Briefly describe the properties of history First, we need to understand what history is. According to KBBI, history is the origin of genealogy or events and events that really happened in the past. According to the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture, history comes from the word syajaratun (Arabic) which means tree. Tree or family tree means the origin of a genealogy, the existence of an event, or the development of a continuous event. The notion of history is very much concerned with time and events. Time is very important in understanding an event in history. So, we can understand that history is actually an event or event in the past that contributes to events or events in the present. Thus, the science of history is the science that identifies events or events experienced by humans and societies in the past. Secondly, we need to understand what the nature of historical science is. In the KBBI, nature means the appearance and condition that appears on an object; outward signs or characteristics that exist on something. So what is meant by the nature of historical science is the characteristic of science that identifies events or events experienced by humans or societies in the past. Third, identifying the nature of historical science. The nature of historical science according to Kuntowijoyo is: 1) Facts: historical science is not a fabrication, but real. 2) Diachronic: history extends in time, one event is related to another. 3) Ideographic: history tells, describes and describes something. 4) Unique: historical events cannot be repeated because they only happen once. 5) Empirical: based on actual human experience, both sensory and inner. The nature of historical science according to Kuntowijoyo is: a) Facts: historical science is not a fabrication, but real. b) Diachronic: history extends in time, one event is related to another. c) Ideographic: history tells, describes and describes something. d) Unique: historical events cannot be repeated because they only happen once. e) Empirical: based on actual human experience, both sensory and inner. 5. Explain the concept of diachronic thinking in history! First, we need to understand what history is. According to KBBI, history is the origin of genealogy or events and events that really happened in the past. According to the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture, history comes from the word syajaratun (Arabic) which means tree. Tree or family tree means the origin of a genealogy, the existence of an event, or the continuous development of an event. Thinking diachronically is necessary to make it easier for us to understand these historical events and occurrences. Secondly, we need to understand what diachronic thinking is. Diachronic comes from the words, "dia" which means "through" or "beyond" and "chronicus" which means "time". Directly translated, diachronic means going through or beyond a time boundary. So, diachronic extends in time, but narrows in space. Diachronic thinking will put more emphasis on thinking chronologically or in the time sequence of events, thus emphasizing more on the process. Thinking chronologically will help us to understand an event or events in history by arranging them in the correct time sequence. This is what forms the purpose of diachronic, which is to invite us to think in an organized and chronological order. Thinking diachronically will help us to analyze history which contains a change over time and occurs continuously throughout time. In the end, we can find out how and why an event or event can occur from previous events or events. The nature of diachronic thinking: a) Vertical b) Broad scope, so less focus on a particular thing c) Emphasizes process/time sequence d) Elaborate the discussion on one event e) Examine the period of events / passage of time events f) The concept of comparison Example of diachronic thinking: Understand and explain the events of the battle of Ambarawa from beginning to end in a time sequence. In conclusion, thinking diachronically means extending in time, but narrowing in space. Diachronic thinking will emphasize more on chronological thinking or according to the time sequence of events, thus emphasizing more on the process. Thinking chronologically will help us to understand an event or events in history by arranging them in the correct time sequence.