History Chapter 1 – History As Art

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT CREDIT HOURS : 3 CREDIT SEMESTER/SESSION : 4th SEMESTER, 2022/2023 SESSION TOPIC : HISTORY CHAPTER 1 – HISTORY AS ART ______________________________________________________________________________ 1. Explain the role of history as art First, we need to understand what history is. According to the KBBI, history is the origin of genealogy or events and events that really happened in the past. According to the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture, history comes from the word syajaratun (Arabic) which means tree. A tree or family tree means the origin of a genealogy, the existence of an event, or the development of a continuous event. The notion of history is very much concerned with time and events. Time is very important in understanding an event in history. So, we can understand that history is actually an event or event in the past that contributes to events or events in the present. History is very useful for understanding the past in relation to the present; helping to understand self-identity, society, and nation; understanding culture and its relationship to aspects of life; providing knowledge about the country and the world; arousing interest in important things in the past. The formulation of history itself uses the 5W+1H formula. What are the things that show events that happened in the past (what), who were the characters involved in the event (who), when it happened (when), where it was (where), why it happened (why), and how it happened (how). Secondly, we need to understand what the question means. History as art means that art is closely related to the way in which historical stories are told in written form. Therefore, history as art requires: 1) Intuition: inspiration, direct understanding, and instinct that historians need during the research period 2) Imagination: historians must be able to imagine what actually happened and how it relates. 3) Emotion: emotional involvement in writing to show empathy that unites feelings with the object or as if experiencing it yourself. 4) Language Style: straightforward, straightforward, and easily understood by the reader. The conclusion is that history is also an art, this is because in writing history, it involves imagination, emotion, and a distinctive style of speech. 2. Explain how the concept of synchronic thinking in history works First, we need to understand what history is. According to KBBI, history is the origin of genealogy or events and events that really happened in the past. According to the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture, history comes from the word syajaratun (Arabic) which means tree. Tree or family tree means the origin of a genealogy, the existence of an event, or the continuous development of an event. Synchronistic thinking is needed to make it easier for us to understand these historical events and occurrences. Second, we need to understand what synchronic thinking is. Synchrony comes from the words "syn" which means "with" and "khronos" which means "time". Directly translated, synchronicity means thinking with a time boundary. So synchronicity expands or extends in space, but narrows in time. So we are invited to understand an event by focusing on its essence. In other words, we don't need to think about how an event happened in the first place. Synchronic thinking: 1) Horizontal in nature 2) Narrow in scope, focusing on a specific thing 3) Examines historical events at a certain time 4) The study is more in-depth, structured, and systematic 5) There is no concept of comparison An example of synchronic thinking is to understand and explain the factors that caused the G30S/PKI event and its consequences. In short, the concept of synchronic thinking in studying history means studying historical events in a short period of time but covering a wider spatial aspect. 3. Explain how the concepts of diachronic and synchronic thinking work. First, we need to understand what history is. According to KBBI, history is the origin of genealogy or events and events that really happened in the past. According to the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture, history comes from the word syajaratun (Arabic) which means tree. Tree or family tree means the origin of a genealogy, the existence of an event, or the continuous development of an event. Second, we need to understand the concept of thinking in history. This concept of thinking is needed to make it easier for us to understand the events and events of history. There are two concepts of historical thinking, namely diachronic and synchronic thinking. Third, we need to understand what diachronic thinking is. Diachronic comes from the words, "dia" which means "through" or "beyond" and "chronicus" which means "time". Directly translated, diachronic means going through or beyond a time boundary. So, diachronic extends in time, but narrows in space. Diachronic thinking will put more emphasis on thinking chronologically or in the time sequence of events, thus emphasizing more on the process. Thinking chronologically will help us to understand an event or events in history by arranging them in the correct time sequence. This is what forms the purpose of diachrony, which is to invite us to think in an orderly and chronological sequence. Thinking diachronically will help us in analyzing history which contains a change over time and occurs continuously throughout time. In the end, we can find out how and why an event or event can occur from previous events or events. The nature of diachronic thinking: a) VerticalBroad scope, so less focus on a particular thing b) Emphasizes process/time sequence c) Unravel the discussion on one event d) Examining the time period of the event/the passage of time of the eventComparison concept An example of diachronic thinking is understanding and explaining the events of the battle of Ambarawa from beginning to end in a time sequence. Fourth, we need to understand what synchronic thinking is. Synchronic comes from the word "syn" which means "with" and "khronos" which means "time". Directly translated, synchronic means thinking with a time boundary. So synchronicity expands or extends in space, but narrows in time. So we are invited to understand an event by focusing on its essence. In other words, we don't need to think about how an event happened in the first place. The nature of synchronic thinking: a) Horizontal b) Narrow in scope, focusing on a particular thing c) Examines historical events at a particular time d) More in-depth, structured, and systematic studyNo concept of comparison. An example of synchronic thinking is understanding and explaining the factors that caused the G30S/PKI event and its aftermath. 4. Explain the concept of chronologization and periodization in studying history! Chronology comes from the Greek word khronos which means time, and logos which means science. Chronology is the study of historical events in chronological order, from beginning to end. Every moment of history will be sorted according to the time of its occurrence coherently and continuously. Chronology in history is needed so that historical anachronisms do not occur, namely incompatibility with certain times. Chronology is a meaning that means taken from the Greek chronos which means time and -logi which means science, so it means that chronology is the study of time or a matter of a certain time. The chronology is used and useful for both criminal and noncriminal matters. Chronology is often used by legal entities to find out when and exactly a matter or criminal offense occurred. Chronology is part of periodization. Chronology is part of the painstaking science of history including Earth history, Earth science, and the study of geologic time scales. Chronology is the science of placing historical moments in time. It is related to chronometry, which includes what is known as timekeeping, and historiography, which examines historical writing and the use of historical methods. Radiocarbon dating estimates the age of formerly living things by measuring the proportion of carbon-14 isotopes in their carbon content. Dendrochronology estimates the age of trees by correlating various developmental rings on wood with known year-to-year chronological references in the following region to reflect year-to-year climatic variations. Dendrochronology is used as a calibration reference for radiocarbon dating curves. The terms calendar and era (in the sense of a coherent system of numbered calendar years) concern two complementary basic designs of chronology. For example, throughout eight centuries the calendar had a Christian era, i.e. the era noticeably used towards the 8th century by Bede, was the Julian calendar, but after 1582 it was the Gregorian calendar. Dionysius Exiguus (around 500) was the founder of that era, which is currently the most widespread calendar system in the world. An epoch is the date (usually year) when an era begins. 5. Explain the difference between social science and history In the growth of historical research and writing, especially in the second half of the 20th century, historians have become accustomed to recognizing and utilizing concepts both known within their own moment and derived from the social sciences. When analyzing moments or phenomena of the past, historians utilize concepts from various social sciences that are relevant along with the subject matter in order to give additional scientific characteristics to history. According to Anskermit (1985: 246-247) the borrowing of social science in moments such as the following above, there are several reasons: (1) With the help of social science theories that show the interaction of various factors, statements about the past can be detailed, both qualitatively and quantitatively; (2) Scientific social theory holds interactions on various variables. This can encourage historians to examine one aspect of the past together with together with certain variables, so that together with this help historians can find interactions on one aspect together with together with other aspects. In addition, it is calculated that it can encourage research and obtain paths to get new answers to old questions; (3) The links and problems that arise from social science theory provide new areas for historical review. Historians can be helped to organize their knowledge of the past in adequate layers; (4) Social science theories are usually related together with the general and supraindividual layers in socio-historical reality, in order to analyze changes that have a wide range, and (5) If the theory used in social science has credibility, it can get rid of accusations (labels) subjectivity in history. Because of the differences in the humanities and social sciences together with together easily can be exaggerated. The subject matter of the two fields should be humans as cultural beings, intellectual beings, and social beings. Both fields desire to find generalizations, even though social scientists are usually more interested in prediction and control, compared to humanities scholars who are usually more interested in good examples, especially extraordinary ones, than social scientists. Both fields are interested in the past, present and future, although humanities scientists tend to focus on the past while social scientists focus more on the present and future (Gottschalk, Louis. 1975: 21). The hallmark of social science is generalization. This generalization does not distinguish area and time. There are no temporal and spatial boundaries. 1) Anthropology, which is the study of culture; the way of life and social interaction of humans on earth. 2) Geography, the study of place; the mutual changes in people and the environment. 3) Economics, which is the study of choice, human choices faced with the availability of limited material resources and distribution to achieve certain objects. 4) Politics, namely the study of power, how power is obtained, distributed, determining leaders, political conflicts, and decisions. 5) Sociology, which is the study of human life living in groups, why groups are formed, and why they live and their social interactions. 6) Psychology, which is the study of individuals, how humans carry out actions and think, feel, and why they do it (Suharto W. Pranoto, 2010: 22). In the growth of various fields of science today, moment counts are required to catch up with that growth. Referring to the recognition of Sartono Kartodirdjo (1992), that if the moment wants to exist, it must follow the growth of social sciences. History does not just present a narrative about a moment or just answer the question how, but also must lead to analytics, so that the moment is not sterile and dry. For this purpose, concepts, theories and techniques derived from the social sciences, such as sociology, politics, anthropology, economics, culture, can be used. The use of social science in the moment is only as an auxiliary science in sharpening the analysis, not to make the moment a social science and not to get rid of the specificity of history, especially the issue of time and change, because without time and change is not history. In addition, it is calculated to keep away from hasty and overly simple explanations. This can result in the work of moments that are special, unique and comprehensive in order to make it easier for someone to realize social theories in history. History has a unique position in the family of social sciences.