Norms (Formal and Informal) Notes

Norms (Formal and Informal) (Formal and Informal/Internalized) - shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations Folkways norms that are NOT socially acceptable but do not have great moral significance Mores norms that are NOT socially acceptable and DO have great moral significance Culture Trait an individual tool, act or belief that is related to a particular situation or need Culture Complexes cluster of interrelated traits Culture Patterns culture complexes combine to form larger groups Cultural Universals the general things that cultures need to survive Ethnocentrism believing that your culture is better than everyone else's culture Xenocentrism believing that your culture is inferior to other cultures Cultural Relativism viewing behavior via your own cultural beliefs (Verstehen), judge the cultural beliefs by the standards of that culture Subculture Segment of society, which shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differ from the larger society Counterculture Subculture that rejects societal norms and values while seeking alternative lifestyle and establishing new cultural patterns Internalization Norm becomes part of individual allowing them to conform to society Sanctions (Positive and Negative) rewards and punishments used to enforce norms Sanctions (Formal and Informal) formal carried out by an organization, informal public sentiment and feeling Social Control enforced through internal or external forces only when the majority follows norms, become internalized Ideology system of beliefs or justifies that social, moral, religious, political or economic interests held by a group or society Social Movement long term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change Innovation introducing an idea or object to a new culture Invention combining of cultural elements into a new form Discovery sharing the existence of an aspect of reality Diffusion spreading ideas from one society to another Reformulation adapting borrowed cultural traits Cultural Lag material culture changes faster than nonmaterial culture Population the number of people living in a particular area at a particular time Demography area of sociology devoted to human population (i.e. measure/study population changes) Birth Rate (Crude) annual number of live births per 1,000 members of the population (crude because it is based on total population) Fertility actual number of births to women of childbearing age Fecundity biological capability to bear children Death Rate number of deaths per 1,000 members of the population Infant Mortality Rate annual number of deaths among infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a population Life Expectancy average number of years that a person born in a particular year can expect to live Migration Rate (Push and Pull) annual difference between in-migration and out-migration Push Factors: encourages people to move out of a certain area (religious or political persecution) Pull Factors: something that encourages people to move into a certain area Growth Rate the rate at which a country's population is increasing, subtract death rate from birth rate Doubling Time time in number of years necessary for the population to double in size given the current rate of growth Population Pyramid graphic representation of the age and sex distribution of the population Urbanization concentration of the population in cities, usually higher standard of living, higher literacy rates, health care better and also better economic opportunities City permanent concentration of a relatively large number of people who engage in non-farming activities Overurbanization more people live in a city that can be supported in terms of jobs & facilities Urban Ecology relationship between people and the urban environment, human behavior determines the layout of the urban area, development also differs by purpose Concentric Zone Model industrial cities spread outward from the center forming a series of circles or zones (which differ in land use business,housing, industrial etc.), wealthier live farther out Sector Model cities do grow outward from the center, but the growth occurs in 'wedges' not circles from the center, transportation opportunities determine land use Multiple Nuclei Model cities develop around centers of activity (nuclei) each of these nuclei is devoted to a specific type of land use - this is done because it is beneficial to the businesses/customers; model developed after the invention/use of autos Urban Sprawl poorly planned development on the edge of cities and towns consume large amounts of land Urbanization and Population: Malthusian Theory (Geometric Progression; Preventive and Positive Checks) Demographic Transition Theory (3 Stages) Urban Anomie Theory (Diffusion of Responsibility and Kitty Genovese) Compositional Theory (Five identifiable lifestyles) Subcultural Theory (Primary group relationships and diversity)