University:
California State University, Northridge
Course:
EOH 466B/L | Evaluating the Occupational Environment and Lab
Academic year:

2008
Views:

145

Pages:

22
Author:

Zain Kemp

Calibration Calibration • Measurement of air concentration – Requires knowledge of volume of air sampled and amount of material collected • Monitoring precision and accuracy depend on: • • • • Sampling technique Collection technique Analytical technique Data handling technique 1 Normal Distribution • • • • 68 % +/- 1 SD of mean 95 % +/- 2 SD of mean 84 % < mean + 1 SD 16 % < mean - 1 SD Normal Distribution 2 Normal Compared to Lognormal Distribution Measurement of Dispersion (Log Normal Distribution) • If a large enough number of environmental exposure measurements was tabulated, the mode (most common level) would be less than the median (50 % size), and both would be less than the arithmetic mean. 3 Measurement of Dispersion (Log Normal Distribution) • If we were to take the log of each observation, and tabulate the data, then the median would equal the mean: the logs are normally distributed. – The geometric mean is the antilog of the average of these logs. – The geometric standard deviation is the antilog of the standard deviation of the logs. Measurement of Dispersion (Log Normal Distribution) 4 Log Probability Paper Variation in Exposure Concentration • Accuracy, precision and bias – Accuracy: measurements close to "true" value – Precision: measurements close to each other (SD, CV) – Bias: systematic error, % 5 Variation in Exposure Concentration • Statistical parameters – Population mean = µ – Sample mean = x – Population σn versus sample σn-1 Measurement Quality • Precision: • Bias: x−µ µ ⎛ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ n ∑ (x − x ) i =1 2 i n −1 ÷ x ⎞ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ×100 ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ × 100 • 95 % Accuracy = 2 x precision + bias 6 Measurement Quality • Radar data on car moving at 60 mph: 64,65,60,62,68,67,67,64,64,66 • Mean = 64.7 CV = 3.8 % bias = 7.8 %, 95 % accuracy 15.4 % Calibration • Calibration is used to reduce error. – Calibration of direct-reading instruments: use NBS standard samples or gas concentrations or generate known concentration. • Calibration can limit measurement error: an estimate of exposure at time of measurement. • Calibration does not reduce sampling error: an estimate of the true exposure experienced by population. 7 Flow Rate Calibration: Primary Standards • Primary standard: direct measurement of physical volume of an enclosed space. Flow Rate Calibration: Spirometer 8 Flow Rate Calibration: Piston Meter – Frictionless piston meter: bubble burette or automated meter Flow Rate Calibration: Secondary Standards • Secondary standards: cannot be calibrated by measurement of internal volume. • Calibration against a primary standard or a calibrated secondary standard is required. 9 Flow Rate Calibration: Wet Test Meter Vstd = Vmeas × Pmeas 298 × 760mmHg Tmeas Flow Rate Calibration: Secondary Standards • Rotameters: "variable-area" meter. Minimal flow measured 0.05 L/ min. 10 Field Rotameters A variety of lightweight (acrylic plastic), single float, field rotameters (courtesy Key Instruments, Trevose, Pa.). Rotameters • Calibrate against primary standard or calibrated secondary standard. Must be adjusted for known temperature and pressure, to correct flow to "standard flow“ Qcal ⎛ Pmeas 298 Prot ⎞ ⎟⎟ = Qindicated ⎜⎜ × × mmHg T P 760 meas meas ⎠ ⎝ 0.5 11 Rotameters • Rotameter correction is for environmental temperature and pressure changes as well as the effect of the filter medium on pressure in the sample line. Rotameters 12 Flow Rate Calibration (Orifice Meter) • Orifice meter: a disk inside a duct or tube. The pressure drop can measure the flow rate across the disk. Critical orifice can be used to generate a known flow: operate at high suction, and measure flow. Then flow does not need calibration. Flow Rate Calibration • Heated element mass flow meter: a hot wire cools as air passes over it. Amount of air is related to air mass flow. These devices can use internal circuitry to adjust meter response to standard temperature and pressure. 13 Gas and Vapor Calibration • Generate known concentration of test gas • Buy prepared standards • Static systems to generate known concentrations of test gas – Flexible walls: bags impervious to contaminant – Rigid walls: known volume, concentration changes as gas is withdrawn. Only 10 % of bottle volume is available for calibration Concentration in ppm Vchemical C= x106 Vchemical + Vcontainer 14 Concentration in mg/M3: M chemical C= Vcontainer Calculation to Generate Known Concentration • Can we ignore the Volume of air occupied by the chemical in vapor form? Often we can, since we would generate concentrations on the order of ppm. • Example: 10 uL acetone in 10 L clean air. What is the concentration, in ppm? 15 Volume of Air Occupied by 10 uL Acetone • MW = 58 grams per mole, density = 0.7844 grams per ml C = 10 µLliquid × 1ml 0.7844 g 1mole 24.45 L × × × = 0.003307 L 3 10 µL ml 58 g mole Calculate the Concentration in ppm C= 0.003307 L × 10 6 = 330 .6 ppm 10 + 0.003307 L 16 Ignore the Volume of Vapor in Denominator • Concentration is calculated to be: 0.003307 L ×10 6 C= = 330.7 ppm 10 L General Formula • This includes adjustment for pressure and temperature that are not at NTP. C= µLliquid 1ml mole 24.45L 760mmHG Tambient ρgrams × × × × × × × 106 Lcontainer 1000µL ml MWgrams mole Pambient 298° K 17 Dynamic Calibration Systems • In dynamic calibration, we generate a known concentration of vapor or gas (Cknown,) in a flow of air (Qknown ) and dilute to desired calibration concentration using clean dilution air (Qdilution ). The relationship between the known concentration, the desired calibration concentration and the airflows is given by: 18 Dynamic Calibration Systems • We can generate a known concentration of vapor or gas in a number of ways. – Generate saturated air by bubbling air through a liquid. With a known saturation concentration, we can calculate the air needed to dilute to a desired calibration concentration. Dynamic Calibration Systems 19 Dynamic Calibration Systems – Problems with this approach: temperature dependence; Actual concentration may not be known [you may not be at saturation]; Very high concentrations are generated [safety and fire concerns possible]; Stability of test gas may be a problem with some chemicals. Dynamic Calibration Systems – Use a syringe pump. A syringe pump is a gear – driven device that can pump liquid into an air stream at a constant rate. These pumps can be calibrated, and can inject small volumes of gas or liquid. So long as pump rate is known and constant, and liquid evaporates completely, this works well. 20 Dynamic Calibration Systems • Diffusion tubes. 21 Dynamic Calibration Systems Dynamic Calibration Systems • The user must calculate: – Mass of calibration gas generated. – Dilution flow needed to achieve desired concentration. – Minimum flow needed for device being calibrated. – Desired calibration concentration. 22

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