Managers as Decision Makers

MANAGERS AS DECISION MAKERS MODULE 9 Using Information to Make Decisions and Solve Problems MANAGERS AS DECISION MAKERS MODULE GUIDE 9.1 “Decide first, then act” z Managers deal with problems posing threats and offering opportunities. z Managers can be problem avoiders, problem solvers, or problem seekers. z Managers display systematic and intuitive problemsolving styles. z Managers make decisions under conditions of certainty, risk, and uncertainty. z Managers solve problems with programmed and nonprogrammed decisions. • How do managers use information to make decisions and solve problems? • What are the steps in the decision-making process? • What are some practicalities of managerial decision making? 1 2 MANAGERS AS DECISION MAKERS MANAGERS AS DECISION MAKERS Using Information to Make Decisions and Solve Problems Using Information to Make Decisions and Solve Problems z Problem Solving z Identifying and taking action to solve problems z Information Competency z The ability to gather and use information to solve problems. z Performance Threat z A situation where something is wrong or likely to be wrong. z Performance Opportunity z A situation that offers the possibility of a better future, if the right steps are taken. 3 4 1 USING INFORMATION TO MAKE DECISIONS AND SOLVE PROBLEMS USING INFORMATION TO MAKE DECISIONS AND SOLVE PROBLEMS Problem Solving Styles Decision Environments z Certain Environment z Systematic Thinking z Approaches problems in a rational and analytical fashion. z offers complete information on possible action alternatives and their consequences. z Intuitive Thinking z Approaches problems in a flexible and spontaneous fashion. z Risk Environment z lacks complete information but offers probabilities of the likely outcomes for possible action alternatives. z Uncertain Environment z lacks so much information that it is difficult to assign probabilities to the likely outcomes of alternatives. 5 USING INFORMATION TO MAKE DECISIONS AND SOLVE PROBLEMS 6 USING INFORMATION TO MAKE DECISIONS AND SOLVE PROBLEMS Types of Decisions Types of Decisions z Decision z a choice among possible alternative courses of action. z Programmed Decision z applies a solution from past experience to a routine problem. z Nonprogrammed Decision z applies a specific solution crafted for a unique problem. 7 8 2 MANAGERS AS DECISION MAKERS THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS The Decision Making Process Step 1 – Defining The Problem MODULE GUIDE 9.2 z Decision Making z A process that begins with identification of the problem and ends with evaluation of implemented solutions. z z z z z z Common Mistakes When Identifying Problems Step 1 is to identify and define the problem. Step 2 is to generate and evaluate alternative courses of action. Step 3 is to decide on a preferred course of action. Step 4 is to implement the decision. Step 5 is to evaluate results. z 1. Defining problem too broadly or too narrowly z 2. Dealing with symptoms, not real causes z 3. Focusing on wrong problem to begin with 9 THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS 10 THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS Step 2 – Generate And Evaluate Alternatives Step 3 – Decide On A Preferred Course Of Action z Two Different Outcomes z Optimizing Decision z Cost-benefit Analysis z chooses the alternative giving the absolute best solution to a problem. z Comparing the costs and benefits of each potential course of action. z Satisficing Decision z chooses the first satisfactory alternative that presents itself. z Criteria for Evaluating Alternatives z Cost and benefits: z Are expected benefits greater than costs? z Timeliness: z How long before the benefits occur? z Acceptability: z Is it acceptable to key stakeholders? z Ethical soundness: z Does it satisfy ethical standards? 11 12 3 Practicalities Of Management Decision Making THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS Step 4 - Implement The Decision Step 5 - Evaluate The Results MODULE GUIDE 9.3 zCriteria for Implementing the Decision zLack of participation error zErrors made because of failure to include the right quantity and quality of people in the decision making process zCriteria for Evaluating the Results zResults must be evaluated against objectives set at the beginning of the process 13 PRACTACALITIES OF MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING zJudgmental heuristics and other biases may cause decision-making errors. zGroup decision making has both advantages and disadvantages. zManagers must be prepared for crisis decision making. zManagers should always check the ethics of their decisions. 14 PRACTACALITIES OF MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING Some Common Mistakes Some Common Mistakes z Heuristics zFraming Error z Simplifying strategies or “rules of thumb” zSolving a problem in the context perceived z Availability Heuristic z occurs when people use information “readily available” as a basis for assessing a current event or situation. zEscalating Commitment zThe continuing of a course of action even though it is not working z Representative Heuristic z occurs when people assess the likelihood of something occurring based on its similarity to a stereotyped set of occurrences. z Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic z involves making decisions based on adjustments to a previously existing value, or starting point. 15 16 4 PRACTACALITIES OF MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING MANAGEMENT TIPS Group Decision Making z Potential Advantages and Disadvantages of Group Decision Making z How to avoid the escalation trap • Set advance limits on your involvement and commitment to a particular course of action; stick with these limits. • Make your own decisions; don’t follow the lead of others, since they are also prone to escalation. • Carefully determine just why you are continuing a course of action; if there are insufficient reasons to continue, don’t. • Remind yourself of the costs of a course of action; consider saving these costs as a reason to discontinue. • Watch for escalation tendencies; be on guard against their influence on both you and others involved in the course of action. z Why group decisions are often good: z More information, expertise, and viewpoints are available to help solve problems. z More alternatives More alternatives are generated and considered during decision making. z Increased understanding There is increased understanding and greater acceptance of decision by group members. z Greater commitment There is increased commitment of group members to work hard and support the decision. z Why group decisions can be bad: z Conformity with social pressures Some members feel intimidated by others and give in to social pressures to conform. z Domination by a few members A minority dominates; some members get railroaded by small coalition of others. z Time delays More time is required to make decisions when many people try to work together. z A crisis is an unexpected problem that can lead to disaster if not resolved quickly and appropriately. 17 18 5