Project and Construction Management

Project and Construction Management Background A project consists of a sequence of long series of activities and starts from the idea, planned, then implemented, until it actually provides results in accordance with the planning. So it can be interpreted that a project is a process of a combined series of temporary activities that have a starting point and an end point, involving various resources that are limited or certain in nature to achieve predetermined goals and objectives. There are various types of project work based on their needs, so the types of projects have different services / research / products produced or as a series of tasks (work) directed towards a main result, taking into account the completion time and in accordance with what has been planned. Therefore, this paper will explain several types of project work. In the implementation of a project, careful planning, good control, careful and good implementation, and utilization of a project are required in order to meet existing needs. Where the conditions are influenced by several factors including resources of good quality and quantity, material availability, natural conditions, geographical location and other factors. Effective and efficient use of resources is needed to realize the successful implementation of a project. So that in these activities, there is a process to be able to process human resources and other resources involved in the implementation of construction into the results of an activity that can be utilized. So in this paper will also explain which human resources or parties contribute to the implementation of project work. Project Concepts and Project Management According to Husen (2009:4), a project is a combination of resources such as human materials, equipment, and capital / costs that are gathered in a temporary organizational container to achieve goals and objectives. According to Husen (2009:4), Project Management is the application of science, expertise and skills, the best technical methods and with limited resources, to achieve predetermined goals and objectives in order to obtain optimal results in terms of cost, quality and time performance and work safety. Types of Project Work In terms of the most dominant activities performed on a project, we can categorize projects as follows: 1. Construction Project The construction project is a series of activities divided into two types, namely routine activities and project activities, namely: a. Routine activity is an activity that continuously takes place and lasts for a long time. b. Project activity is an activity that is only carried out once and generally lasts for a short period of time or in other words, project activity can be interpreted as a temporary activity that takes place within a limited period of time, with a certain allocation of resources. These activities can include building factories, making new products or conducting research and development. A project is an endeavor with a specific purpose with limited time and resources, while building construction is erecting a building, so a construction project is an endeavor to erect a building with a specific time using limited project resources. From the above definition, it can be seen that the main characteristics of projects are: a. Have a specific goal, end product or deliverable. b. The amount of cost, quality criteria in the process of achieving the above objectives have been determined. c. Has a beginning of activity and has a predetermined end of activity or has a certain period of time. d. The series of activities are only carried out once (non-routine), not repeated, resulting in products that are unique (not identical but similar). e. The type and intensity of activities change throughout the project. The stages of a construction project consist of: a. Planning Stage b. Engineering and Design Phase c. Procurement / Auction / Procurement Stage d. Implementation Stage e. Operational Test Phase f. Utilization and Maintenance Phase 2. Manufacturing Project Manufacturing production project is the process of achieving and utilizing resources to produce or produce useful goods or services as an effort to achieve organizational goals and objectives. Manufacturing engineering is the design of the production process of a product. Production or manufacturing engineering studies all things related to the production process, including some of the functions below (Turner, 2000: 53), namely: a. Evaluate whether a product can be manufactured. b. Select the type and determine the parameters of the production process, such as the components used, cutting tools, depth of cut and others. c. Designing auxiliary equipment that serves to ensure and adjust the position of the workpiece during the production process. d. Estimate the cost required for the production of a component of a product. e. Ensure the quality of the products manufactured. The goals of this type of project include obtaining a certain level of profit or maximizing profits, providing services with a good level of service, and striving to ensure the existence of the organization. 3. Research and Development (R&D) Projects Research and development (R&D) is a research method used to produce certain products, and test the effectiveness of these products. To be able to produce certain products, research is used that is needs analysis and to test the effectiveness of these products so that they can function in the wider community, research is needed to test these products. So development research is longitudinal (gradual can be multiyears). The main activity of this project is to conduct research and development in order to produce a specific product. The implementation process, as well as the scope of work undertaken, often changes to suit the project's final objectives. Project objectives may include improving or enhancing products, services or production system methods. The development research procedure according to Borg and Gall, can be done more simply involving 5 main steps: a. Analyze the product to be developed b. Developing the initial product c. Expert validation and revision d. small-scale field trials and product revision e. Large-scale field trial and final product 4. Project Management Services Project Management Services are closely related to the non-physical facilities or services of the company. For example, increasing the productivity of employees, developing company management information systems, project development management and including project management itself. Project development management is a system for planning, implementing and supervising projects that are being implemented. Project development must coordinate the implementation plan with the resources provided so that the project can be completed on target, meaning that the project is completed on time and in accordance with the concept. a. Project Planning Project planning is a description of what and how the project should be done. This includes the type of work, completion time, implementing personnel, equipment and also the budget. This planning is considered to make it easier for related parties to work more easily and neatly scheduled. b. Project Scheduling Project scheduling involves scheduling the times of each project activity in an organized sequence. There are several kinds of charts that are often used by schedulers, one of the most famous is the Gantt chart which is considered easier to interpret and effective to use. c. Project Supervision Supervising and controlling the course of the project is one thing that should not be underestimated in project development for the sake of project suitability with the predetermined targets. More than that, this supervision is useful for overseeing budget flows and evaluating various weaknesses and mistakes during project construction. 5. Capital Projects Capital is all forms of wealth that can be used, directly or indirectly, in production to increase output. Capital as a means of promoting economic development includes investment in technical knowledge, improvements in education, health, and skills. In general, it can be stated that capital is more a result than a cause of economic development; in the sense that economic progress always increases the amount of capital in society, while an increase in the amount of capital may not cause economic progress. Sources of Capital for Development: 1. Physical source (self-help) Physically, capital formation can be achieved by reallocating factors of production from less efficient uses to more efficient uses. In other words, factors of production that are hiddenly idle will be utilized for development and will not reduce production in the original sector or activity. 2. Source of financial funds Financially, sources of funds for development can be categorized as follows: a. Voluntary saving is the part of people's income that is not spent to meet consumption needs. Public savings can be divided into two: voluntary savings and forced savings. b. Taxes or forced savings are contributions imposed on taxpayers by the government, taxes are a source of government or state revenue. c. Government savings are the difference between revenue and recurrent expenditure after being used to finance recurrent expenditure, then there is remaining expenditure. d. Government loans are program and project assistance funds to finance government expenditures, which can be in the form of voluntary loans and forced loans, and can also be divided into domestic and foreign loans. e. Inflation (invisible tax) can be defined as an invisible tax, which is a situation where general prices increase continuously. f. Foreign direct investment is an investment carried out by foreign capital owners in the country to obtain a profit from the business being carried out, which can be in the form of direct investment or portfolio investment is the purchase of shares from within the country. Parties that carry out project management According to Tarmudji (1993), the implementation of a comprehensive development project starting from planning, planning, design, implementation of physical development to its utilization, is a process or stage that must be done systematically. The elements that form a cooperative bond where each has a clear role, function and responsibility. The goal to be achieved is basically the optimum efficiency of labor, time, and project costs against the results obtained. There are several elements/parties involved in a project, including; 1. Project owner The project owner or assignor is a service user either a private or government agency that owns a project and provides work to the service provider and pays the cost of the work who has the desire to realize the construction of a project. The project owner has the following rights: a. Selecting consultants and contractors b. Provide funds to finance the execution of project works and pay for the provision of services c. Signing the contracting agreement and work order letter d. Make a decision on whether there is a change of additional or less work e. Request periodic reports on the work carried out by the service provider. f. Provide land for a place to carry out work g. Participate in supervising the course of the planned work by deploying a body to act on behalf of the owner. h. Provide all facilities required by the service provider for the smooth running of the project. i. Accept and certify work that has been completed by the service provider if it is in accordance with the plan. The authority of the project owner is as follows: a. Provide written tender results to each contractor, b. Can take over the work unilaterally by notifying the contractor in writing if things happen outside the agreed contract. 2. Planning consultant The planning consultant is selected directly by the project owner. In general, the task of the planning consultant is to load sketches, ideas that provide an overview of the work which includes the division of space, implementation plans, and others. Planning consultant is a person or legal entity that carries out tasks in the field of building construction planning or environmental planning in collaboration with accessories. The duties and obligations of the planning consultant are as follows: a. Schematicize the initial thought concept of aims and objectives. b. Design of pre-planned situations, plans, elevations and cuts. Including fieldwork data investigation of local environmental conditions, work to prepare proposal description of local needs. c. create an implementation of the photo column and detailed drawing plan descriptions from the Work Plan and Conditions. d. Conduct periodic supervision of the execution of work plan drawings in the field. 3. Implementing contractor The contractor is a person or legal entity that receives and organizes building work according to the available costs and carries out in accordance with the rules and conditions and plan drawings stipulated in the contract. The contractor is directly responsible to the project owner, and can communicate directly with the supervisory consultant both inside and outside the field. In carrying out the work, the contractor will be accompanied by a supervisory consultant who has been selected by the project owner. This will make it easier for the contractor with the supervisory consultant to consult all the obstacles in the field and change the plan drawings if necessary. The duties and obligations of the contractor are as follows: a. Make shop drawings before starting the implementation of a job to facilitate the implementation of work and supervision. b. Prepare the necessary labor, materials, equipment and services in accordance with the specifications and drawings that have been determined by taking into account the cost of implementation, implementation time, as well as the quality of work and work capabilities. c. Store all equipment and materials from loss and damage, and protect workers until the time of handover. d. Regularly follow and attend coordination meetings organized by the supervision consultant. e. Reporting the results of the work to the construction management which contains reports on the implementation of the work, work achievements that have been achieved, the amount of labor used, the amount of incoming materials, weather conditions, and others. f. Have the right to request a delay in the completion of construction by giving logical reasons and in accordance with the reality in the field. g. Carry out work in accordance with the time schedule that has been set and agreed upon. h. Always consult and inform the supervision consultant of any problems. i. Receive payments in accordance with approved contract procedures. j. Responsible for the risk of damage to equipment, materials, and work including the occurrence of fire, riots, theft, and work safety. k. Fully responsible for the results of work implementation. l. Submit the work when it has been completed. 4. Supervisor Supervisor is a body of people who have been appointed by the project owner to assist in managing the implementation of a development work, starting from the beginning to the end of the work. Basically, the supervisor is appointed to organize and supervise all work carried out by the contractor so that it is in accordance with the design that has been made before and so that the maximum quality of work can be achieved in accordance with the time that has been set. determined. The supervisor will provide daily, weekly and monthly reports on the implementation of project construction to the project owner. Supervisor. The duties of the supervisor, namely: a. Supervise the work in the field. b. Adjust to the contents of the contract. c. Respond to all work issues from contractor customers if there are questions about the work process. d. Considering the results of checking work on a particular body. e. Evaluate the progress of the work, in relation to the amount of money spent and approve the minutes of each step of the work to be started. f. Create daily, weekly and monthly reports. 5. Sub Contractor Sub-contractors are construction executors who have special specialties chosen by the party that opened the job offer first. The Sub Contractor can be directly responsible to the project owner if chosen directly by the project owner but still coordinates with the main contractor and there are also Sub Contractors who are directly responsible to the main contractor because they have previously been selected by the Main Contractor. Rights and obligations of Sub Contractors: a. Carry out the work of the Project Owner / Main Contractor that has been agreed to be done in accordance with the plans, regulations, and conditions set. b. Coordinate and consult work results to the assignor. c. Directly responsible to the Project Owner or Main Contractor. d. Receive a certain amount of work implementation costs from the main contractor or project owner based on an agreed agreement.