Sede Vacante 1154

Sede Vacante 1154 December 3—December 4, 1154 Background The first concern of the Cardinal electors would have been the state of the Empire. Conrad III had died on February 15, 1152 at the age of 52 [Jaffé, Conrad III, 206-208]. This was unfortunate for Pope Eugenius, who had been hoping that Conrad would actually carry out his long-promised trip to Italy, which might produce a solution to Eugenius' problems with the Commune of Rome and with the King of Sicily. In June of 1150, after the exchange of several friendly embassies, Eugenius had written to Conrad [Migne PL 180, 1422; JL 9503, from Albano, where the Pope had been since June 19; he did not return to Rome until December, 1152] of his desire that Church and Empire could work together for the good of the Christian community: desiderium siquidem nostrum est, ut ea inter Ecclesiam et regnum, quae a predecessoribus nostris et tuis statuta sunt, inter nos et majestatem tuam ita Domino auxiliante firmentur Eugenius was staying in Albano at the time because the City of Rome was in an uproar. The Senators of Rome had tried to enlist Conrad on their side in their disputes with the Pope (Letters of the Roman Senate to Conrad III about affairs in Rome), accusing Cencius Franjipani and the Pierleoni brothers of conspiring with the Pope in favor of Roger of Sicily. They offered Conrad the imperial crown if he would come to Rome and support them. But Conrad was by no means friendly to the Commune. He had heard of their antics from a distance in the Holy Land, and his advisors in Germany (especially Abbot Wibald of Corbie [Corvey]) were well-briefed by the Pope and various Cardinals. Eugene thought that Conrad would bring order to the city in the Papal interest. But Eugenius was not able to maintain himself in the City (The Historia Pontificum says, non ferens dominus papa vexationem Romanorum, Anagniam profectus est). In June he abandoned the City, and in July, 1150, he met with King Roger of Sicily at Ciperani. The second concern of the Cardinal Electors was the situation of the King of Sicily. Bad as affairs were in Rome, the situation was worse with King Roger. He was the Pope's most important vassal, and yet the Pope refused him the recognition as King of Sicily which had been granted by Anacletus II and admitted by Innocent II. But Roger had been in complete control over all church appointments in his kingdom for a decade, since he had captured Pope Innocent II in 1139, and forced from him papal investiture with the lands of the south (Treaty of Mignano). The Historia Pontificum provides some of the details of the confrontation, in which the King insisted on naming persons whom he wanted to be elected, and the Pope insisted on inhibiting them from being consecrated: Rex enim aliorum more tirannorum ecclesiam terrae suae redegerat in servitutem, nec alicubi patiebatur electionem libere celebrari, send praenominabat quem eligi oporteret, et ita de officiis ecclesiasticis sicut de palatii sui muneribus disponebat. Ob hanc causam taliter electos inhibuit Romana ecclesia consecrari, adeo quod processerat inhibitio, ut paucae sedes propriis auderent episcopis et fere in omnibus ecclesiis residebant viri a multis annis electi. Nam consecrationis oleum defecit in terra eius, ex quo cepit Innocentium papam. Praeterea legatos ecclesiae Romanae non patiebatur intrare terram suam nisi a se vocatos, aut licentia ante impetrata destinatos, et eos tunc non ecclesiae sed ipse propriis sumptibus exhibebat aut faciebat ab ecclesiis exhiberi. Apparently Innocent complained, but King Roger replied that it had been the custom since the time of Robert Guiscard, and he had no intention of ceasing [Chronicon Ignoti Monachi Cisterciensis S. Mariae de Ferraria p. 27 ed. Gaudenzi]: Mcxlij et xiij anno eiusdem Innocentii idem Apostolicus misit eidem regi quod non esset iuris sui pastores eligere ecclesiarum et ab hac presumptione discederet. Cui rex ita respondit, quod a tempore Roberti Guiscardi ducis et ducis Rogerii et Guildemi ducis usque modo hec consuetudo extitit, a qua discedere nullo modo volumus, sed eam tenere firmiter volumus. This had been an element of contention between him and Pope Celestine during his brief reign (September 26, 1143–March 8, 1144). As Romuald of Salerno puts it [MGH SS 19, 424], Hic concordiam quae inter Innocentium papam et regem Rogerium facta est, ratam habere noluit, sed eam revocavit in dubium. Roger was delighted, however, with the accession of Lucius II (Gerardus of Bologna, Cardinal Priest of S. Croce), who was a friend of his. Pope Lucius desperately needed help against the Roman Commune, and met with Roger at Ciperano, near Gaeta. An agreement might have been reached between the two, had not the Cardinals been against the idea [Archbishop Romualdus of Salerno, MGH SS 19, 424]. After the meeting, Pope Lucius, who was convalescing from a serious bout of illness, wrote to Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny [Migne PL 179, 905; Watterich II, 280]: De statu nostro te collicitum cognoscentes scire te volumus, quia omnipotens Dominus sua nos gratia visitavit, castigans castigavit, sed morti non tradidit. Per ipsius misericordiam convalescimus et pristinam sanitatem in brevi nos recepturos speramus. Ad colloquium Regis Siciliae condescendimus et quia ad honorem Dei et ecclesiae suae firmam pacem cum eo facere non potuimus, instanti tamen ipsius violentia nos cogente, treugam cum eo composuimus. The failure to reach accord embittered King Roger, who returned to a policy of intense hostility to the Papacy and aggressiveness toward the Patrimony. On his orders, his son invaded Campania and captured and sacked Ferentum [Romualdus of Salerno, MGH SS 19, 424]. Now came Pope Eugenius, forced to flee from the disorders in his city of Rome, and hoping to enlist the help of King Roger in reasserting his control. In 1149 Eugenius III entered into a truce with King Roger of Sicily for a quadrennium, and presently they signed a concordat, which, among other things, allowed that no Apostolic Legate would be sent into the Kingdom without the request of the King, nisi quem ille petierit [Kehr, Italia Pontificia 8, p. 44, no. 170]. Additional concessions were made to King Roger in 1150, who then allowed that the Pope could reject or approve candidates elected to bishoprics in his kingdom; this was only a partial concession. Conrad III died on February 15, 1152. Frederick I had been elected King of the Romans at Frankfurt am Main on March 9, 1152 and was crowned at Aachen on March 14. [Simonsfeld, Jahrbücher. des deutschen Reiches unter Friederich I (Leipzig 1908), 15-45]. Frederick had competitors for the crown, however, and opponents in his task of bringing Germany and then the rest of the Empire under his control. A treaty was struck (The Treaty of Constance) between Eugenius III and Frederick Barbarossa on March 23, 1153 [Monumenta Germaniae Selecta 4 nr. xxvii, pp. 78-81], directed against King Roger of Sicily (Tout, 247-248). Frederick wished to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor. In autumn of 1154 Frederick Barbarossa was on the move. On November 22 he was in a camp called Calegnus [Ughelli V, 794], and on December 3, 1154, he was at Roncaglia in Lombardy [Otto of Frising, Gesta Friderici II. 12, MGH 20, p. 395]. On December 7, Pope Anastasius died. Frederick was crowned with the Iron Crown at Pavia on Jubilate Sunday, April 17, 1155. He intended to be crowned Emperor in Rome. King Roger of SIcily died of fever at Palermo on February 27, 1154, in his fifty-eighth year. He was succeeded by his son, William I, who had already been king with his father for nearly three years. William had been crowned at Palermo by the Archbishop on April 8, 1151, an act which brought an indignant protest from Pope Eugenius. But Eugenius was told flatly that the Archbishop of Palermo had the pallium and therefore the right to crown the princes of Sicily. After the death of King Roger, he was crowned again, on Easter, April 4, 1154 [Romualdus of Salerno, MGH SS 19, 427; Gregorovius IV. 2, 526; 294-295]. Thus, in the brief compass of two and a half years, the political complexion of Italy had been completely altered, with a new Emperor and a new King of SIcily. Pope Anastasius could rely on the support of neither of them, and both had demands to make of him. The third concern of the Cardinal electors was the Roman Commune. It had been established in the wake of the disastrous later years of the reign of Innocent II, where his arrogance and treachery led to one reversal after another for the Roman Church. Innocent had returned only because of the military support of the Emperor Lothar, who was no friend of the Romans. In 1144, after Innocent's death, a Roman Republic was proclaimed, and the Roman Senate restored or reconstituted. The political leader of this civic advance was Jordanus Petri Leonis (Pierleoni), the brother of the late Pope Anacletus II, whose party had been friendly to the Sicilian monarchy. Jordanus and the Roman citizens had no reason to hold in regard most of the cardinals appointed by Innocent II, many of whom were from Pisa, France, or the regular clergy (9). Eugenius III, Anastasius IV and Adrian IV had been trying to free Rome and themselves from the influence of the Roman Republic, now inspired and led by Arnold of Brescia (Cardinal Boso, "Vita Adriani IV papa"; Watterich, pp. 324-326; de Castro, pp. 467-530). Frederick was trying to reverse the advances in conquering central and northern Italy which were being made by King William I of Sicily, son and successor of King Roger. Death of Anastasius IV (Conradus) Conradus was a native Roman from the Suburra region. There is an old and unverified tradition that Conradus had begun his career as a canon at S. Ruf in Avignon, and eventually became its Abbot. In 1110 Pope Paschal II had promoted him to be Cardinal Priest of S. Pudenziana, and Honorius II had promoted him to the See of Sabina in 1128 [Zenker, p. 46-47]. He had been the Vicar for the city of Rome of Pope Eugenius III while the latter was in France (1147-1149) and again from the Summer of 1150 to December of 1152, when the pope was in exile due to his conflicts with the Commune of Rome. He had been a cardinal for over forty years before his election to the Papacy. Despite his age, his great experience in administering the city may have helped his election. His alleged acceptablilty to the people as a native Roman (though the People never had any difficulty opposing a native Roman if it suited their purposes) made it possible for him to live in Rome during his entire term of office. Anastasius IV ruled only seventeen months. The Necrologium Casiniense [Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores VII, column 947] states: 3. Non. Ob(iit) Ven(erabilis) mem(oriae) D(ominus) Anastasius PP. IV. The Chronicon Fossaenovae [Annales Ceccanenses: MGH SS 19, 284] states, "obiit Anastasius papa III non. Decembris [December 3, 1154]. The same date is given in the "Life of Pope Anastasius", written by Cardinal Boso; he died on December 3 [Watterich II, 322]. Obiit Romae III [IV mss.] nonas decembris. Tumulatus est autem Laterani in ipsa sancti Salvatoris ecclesia, in porphyretico pretioso sepulchro. Nothing at all is reported about the manner of his dying. He was aged, and it may well have been natural, quiet and peaceful, perhaps even sudden. Iohannes Diaconus, in his treatise on the Lateran Basilica, notes that Anastasius was buried on the left side of the basilica, next to the altar of S. Maria de Reposo in a tomb which once held the body of Constantine's mother Helen [Migne, PL 194, 1553; Mabillon, Museum Italicum II. p. 569]. Anastasius no longer rests in the porphyry sarcophagus, which he had plundered from her tomb on the Via Labicana. It has been moved from the Lateran, and is now in the Vatican Museum, thanks to the work of Pius VI (Braschi) [Lanciani, Pagan and Christian Rome, p. 197-198]. St. Helena's remains are reputed to rest in a porphyry urn in S. Maria in Aracoeli. The Cardinals Onuphrio Panvinio provided a list of the twenty-three cardinals (6 Bishops and 17 Priests) who elected Adrianus IV in his Epitome Pontificum Romanorum (Venetiis 1567), pp. 121-122, but he omits the Cardinal Deacons entirely. Ciaconius-Olduin provides a list of thirty-three cardinals who were living at the time of the Election of Adrian IV (I, 1057-1058). An especially lengthy subscription of April 13, 1153 [JL 9714] (containing twenty-six signatures), is a good place to start for an authentic list of Cardinals and their titles. Eugenius III died less than three months later, on July 8, 1153, and Anastasius IV had created no new cardinals at all during his brief reign, not even his alleged nephew Gregory. He had made two promotions to the rank of Cardinal Bishop [Zenker, p. 225] 1. Hymarus (Imarus), OSB [Gallus], Bishop of Tusculum (since 1142), prior episcoporum. Legate in England in 1144 [Baronius-Theiner 18, sub anno 1144, no. 11, p. 624 [Watterich, 454, 461]. 2. Guarinus [Bononiensis], like Lucius II a Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno in Bologna, according to Ciaconius [He is also claimed as a Canon of the Lateran: AA SS Feb. I, 915B, and a Canon of S. Frediano in Lucca: AA SS p. 915F]. Bishop of Palestrina (1144-1158?). He had previously been appointed to the See of Reate [possibly after the death of Bishop Gentilis, ca. 135-137: 3. 4. 5. 6. see Ughelli Italia Sacra I, 1198], but, preferring the life of a hermit, fled into Egypt [Life by Augustinus Ticinensis, AA SS Feb. I, 915D]. Later he was elected Bishop of Pavia after the death of Bishop Peter (1139), but was very unwilling to be consecrated; he was held in custody, but escaped and hid himself until Bishop Alphonsus was elected [Ughelli, Italia Sacra I, 1091]. He is said to have been a monk for more than forty years when Lucius II selected him to be a Cardinal. His latest subscription is on May 27, 1154 [JL 9909]. Acta Sanctorum Februarii Tomus I (Antwerp 1658), pp. 914-916, prints his Vita by Augustinus Ticinensis, a Canon of the Lateran (early 16th century). Not all of Augustinus' material is worthy of belief. [G. Trombelli, Memorie istoriche cocern. le due canoniche di S. Maria di Reno e di S. Salvatore (Bologna 1752), p. 211 notes, for opinions as to Lucius II' s family connections; Ciaconius-Olduin I, columns 1023-1024; Brixius, pp. 51 and 101102; Zenker, pp. 41-42]. Hugo (Hughes), O.Cist. [France, Chalons], Bishop of Ostia and Velletri (11511155). Former Abbot of Trois-Fontaines. Friend and correspondent of S. Bernard of Clairvaux. He anointed Frederick I at his coronation in Rome in June, 1155. [Cardella I. 2, pp. 70-71] Nicolaus Breakspere [English], Bishop of Albano (since late 1149). From 1152 he had been sent as Papal Legate to Scandanavia He celebrated Easter (March 30) at Luni on his way north [P. Kehr, Nachrichten der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, phil.-hist. Klasse (1902), no. 1, pp. 186187; William of Tyre XVIII. 2] He returned by November, 1154. He began to subscribe papal documents again on November 16, 1154. See Pope Anastasius' two letters of November 28, 1154, certainly based on Nicolaus' report on his return—to the Bishops of Sweden [Migne PL 188, column 1084; JL 9937 (6819); rediens siquidem ad Apostolicam Sedem , Venerabilis Frater Noster Nicolaus Albanensis episcopus eumdem populum Verbum Domini de ore suo libenter recepisse asseruit], and to King Sverrkir of Sweden [Migne PL 188, column 1086; JL 9938 (6820)], and the letter of November 30, 1154 to the Archbishop of Lund [Migne PL 188, column 1081; JL 9941 (6816)] [See Williams, Lives of the English Cardinals I, 99-103; Mackie, Pope Adrian IV, 14-29; Mann, Lives of the Popes IX, pp. 240-245]. He did not attend the Election of Anastasius IV on July 8, 1153. He was, of course, present for the Election of 1154 [William of Tyre XVIII. 2: Hic defuncto domino Anastasio, qui praedicto domino Eugenio successerat, de Norvegia, occidentiali et ultima provincia, ad quam missus fuerat ab eodem legatus, electioni interfuit et a clero et populo unanimiter electus est et Hadrianus appellatus.] Gregorius, Bishop of Sabina (by September, 1154; died 1163). Formerly Cardinal Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere (ca. 1138/1140 until after June 25, 1154). In the treaty of January, 1155, between Frederick I and Adrian IV, he is referred to: mediante domino Gregorio tunc Sancte Marie Transtiberim nunc episcopo Sabinensi [MGH Diplomata (Urkunden) Friedrich I, Part I: 11521158, no. 98, pp. 165-167]. The words nunc episcopo Sabinensi are an addition in 1155 to the original document of 1153 [Doeberl, Monumenta Germaniae Selecta 3-4 nr. xxvii]. Gregory, bishop of Sabina, was not a nephew of Anastasius IV. In March of 1155, Gregory was on a commission of Cardinals with Aribert of S. Anastasia, Ubaldus of S. Croce, and Oddo of S. Nicolai, to settle a dispute among the canons of S. Simeon of Trier [JL 1001010011; H. Beyer, Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Coblenz und Trier I (Coblenz 1860) nr. 585-587, pp. 643-646] Cencius [Romanus] Bishop of Porto and S. Rufina (1154-1157) [Portuensis episcopus et Silvae Candidae on April 20, 1154, JL 9867)]. Formerly Cardinal Priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina (1152-1154), and before that Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro (1151-1152). Sent by the new Pope, Adrian IV, to the Emperor Frederick before December 29, 1154, along with Cardinal Bernardus of S. Clemente and Cardinal Octavianus of S. Ceciliae [JL 9966 (6827)]. 7. Guido Bellagio [Florentinus], presbiter cardinalis sancti Chrysogoni (11401157?) [Cardella I. 2, p. 86]. He could speak French, and had a taste for logic. He is attested as Papal Legate in Lombardy in 1139-1141; Legate in Piacenza in 1146; Legate in the Holy Land, 1147-1151 [Historia 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Pontificalis, MGH SS 20, 540]; and in Verona in 1157. He last subscribes on June 13, 1157 [JL 10296]. [Brixius p. 43]. He was succeeded by Cardinal Bonadies, whose earliest subscription is on March 14, 1158. [Zenker, 62-64]. Hubaldus "Allucingoli", O.Cist. [of Lucca], Cardinal Priest of S. Prassede, February 23, 1141 [Watterich, 333]; some consider him the same Hubaldus as was created Cardinal Deacon of S. Adriano in 1138 [RIS III. 1 p. 442 column 2]). [Future Pope Lucius III, September 1, 1181–November 25, 1185] He had been legate of Innocent II in Lombardy in 1142. [Cardella I. 2, pp. 2729]. Manfredus, Cardinal Priest of S. Sabina (1143-1157). ? Heribertus (Aribertus), presbiter cardinalis tituli sanctae Anastasiae (11431158?) Legate in Germany 1154. He was near Milan in 1154, dealing with the business of the Abbess Beatrice of Brugula, [Kehr, Italia Pontificia Vi. 1, p. 154-155, nos. 4-6]. On October 19, 1154, he was at Piacenza as Legatus totius Lombardiae [Kehr, Italia Pontificia 5, p. 451, nos. 49 and 50; p. 477, no. 27-28]. There seem to be no subscriptions between May 20 and December 19. [His tomb in SS. Silvestro e Martino is dated 1160 [Forcella, Inscrizioni delle chiese di Roma 4, p. 5 no. 1]; but Ariberti was dead before April 16, 1158, when his successor, Cardinal Joannes Neapolitanus, was already in office at S. Anastasia (JL 10401)] Iulius [Romanus], Cardinal Priest of S. Marcello, from 1144 until the end of 1158. On April 11, 1155, he was judge in a case involving S. Maria in Monasterio, along with Gregory of Sabina and Girardus of S. Stefano in Monte Celio [Fedele, Archivio 29 (1906), no. i, pp. 205-209]. Later he was Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina (1158-1164). Vicar of Rome for Pope Alexander III (died in 1164 or 1165) [Cardella I. 2, pp. 42-43; Watterich, pp. 387, 399] Hubaldus Caccianemici [Bononiensis], presbiter cardinalis tituli Sanctae Crucis in Ierusalem. (subscribed June 28, 1144–September 12, 1170) He was a relative of Pope Lucius II, who gave him his own titular church of S. Croce in Gerusalemme in 1144 [Cardella I. 2, p. 51; Besozzi La storia della basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (Roma 1750) p. 107] Guido Dent [Bononiensis], presbyter cardinalis tituli Pastoris (S. Pudenziana) (1145-1157). In 1151 he is found at Siena along with Cardinal Gerardus of S. Stefano engaged in several legal cases with a mandate from Eugenius III [Kehr, Italia Pontificia 3, p. 326, nos. 31-32]. The two cardinals were also at Pisa [Muratori, Antiquitates Italicae III (Mediolani 1740), 1167-1168 (October 15, 1151)]. After the election of Adrian IV in 1154, he was going to attend upon the Pope, but was set upon by some of Arnold of Brescia's supporters in an assassination attempt [ad interitum vulnerarunt]. The Pope placed Rome under interdict, which lasted until Wednesday in Holy Week, March 23, 1155 [Cardinal Boso, "Life of Adrian IV", in Watterich II, 324; cf. BaroniusTheiner sub anno 1155, no. 3, where he is called 'Gerardus']. He was not killed, however (as some modern authors report); he appears on June 1, 1155 as a member of the legation sent to Frederick Barbarossa to negotiate about the Imperial coronation and the surrender of Arnold of Brescia to the Pope [JL 10072, 10073]. Pope Hadrian, on the petition of Cardinal Guido, entrusted the Church of S. Pudenziana to the care of the Canons of S. Maria de Reno; the date of the decree is March 17, 1155 [Migne PL 188, column 1399; JL 10020; P. Kehr, Italia pontificia I, p. 59]. Latest subscription: June 15, 1157 [JL 10298; Brixius, pp. 51, 102, 157] According to the Necrology of S. Maria de Reno in Bologna, he died on May 29; if true, he would have survived until 1158 at least. The Necrologio Renano states that he was buried at S. Pudenziana in 1154. This is certainly wrong. Could it have been an incorrect transcription of 1159? [G. Trombelli, Memorie istoriche cocern. le due canoniche di S. Maria di Reno e di S. Salvatore (Bologna 1752), p. 221; 354, 404]. Bernardus. Cardinal Priest of S. Clemente (1145-1158) Former prior of the Lateran, Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica from 1153: Migne, Patrologiae Latinae 188, col. 1587; Mignanti Istoria della Basilica Vaticana II, p. 333; Eggs Purpura Docta I, 80-83; JL 9984 (6837). Sent by the new Pope, Adrian IV, to the Emperor Frederick by December 29, 1154, along with Cardinal 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Cencius, Bishop of Porto, and Cardinal Octavianus of S. Ceciliae [JL 9966 (6827)]. Jordanus, O.Carth.[France?: originally a monk of Le Mont-Dieu, in the Diocese of Rheims Zenker, p. 104. The only justification for this French identification appears to be the visit of Cardinal Jordanus to that house, below]. Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Susanna. (from December, 1145; latest known subscription June 11, 1154 [Brixius, 140]). Cardinal Deacon S.R.E. in 1145; on March 14, 1145, for example, he signs himself fr. Jordanus diac. card. sanctae Rom. Ecclesiae [JL 8717 (6129)]. He was Eugenius' papal chamberlain [ Historia Pontificalis, MGH SS 20, 541]. In 1152 he was sent by Eugenius III along with Cardinal Octavianus of S. Cecilia to deal with the German Emperor Conrad, but the Emperor died and he dealt with Frederick Barbarossa instead. After his mission, while Cardinal Octavianus returned to Rome, Jordanus visited the monastery of Mons Dei in Normandy. S. Bernard disliked Cardinal Jordanus intensely and wrote a letter [Ep. 290] to Cardinal Hughes of Ostia, complaining of Jordanus' behavior in Germany and France, singling out his cupidity and unsuitable recommendations for ecclesiastical promotions. Bernard, however, was frequently in error about his facts and overzealous in his condemnations— most unsaintly behavior [See the example of William of York in 1144, Epp. 360 (380): Baronius-Theiner 18, sub anno 1144, no. 11, p. 624]. In mid-1154, JL lists only 5 papal documents altogether which were issued between June 11, 1154 and September 15, 1154; there is then a onemonth gap until the next signing on October 15, and then only 16 more between September 15 and the death of Anastasius IV on December 3, 1154—most of them standard privilegia for churches or monasteries. Some more examples of bulls can be added, but the point remains. This is a very small data base. One should not assign much significance to the absence of a person's signature under such circumstances in deciding whether a person was present for the Election on December 4, 1154. In Jordanus' case we just do not know. Cardinal Jordanus' successor, Cardinal Hermann, does not appear until April 8, 1166 [Brixius, pp. 62 and 140]. Octavianus de' Monticelli [Sabinensis, not Tusculanus] (aged 59). Octavianum cardinalem presbyterum, qui de nobilissimo Romanorum descendit sanguine, according to Pope Adrian IV in a remark to Frederick Barbarossa [in Otto of Frising, MGH SS 20, 406]. Cardinal Priest in the titulus sanctae Ceciliae (since 1151), formerly Cardinal Deacon of S. Niccolò in Carcere (1138-1150). Legate to King Roger of Sicily for Popes Celestine II and Lucius II (1143-1145) [Chronicon Ignoti Monachi Cisterciensis S. Mariae de Ferraria p. 27 ed. Gaudenzi]. Legate to the Emperor Conrad for Pope Eugenius III, where he became friends with Duke Frederick of Swabia (who was elected Emperor in 1152). [Cardella I. 2, pp. 23-24]. Sent by the new Pope, Adrian IV, to the Emperor Frederick by December 29, 1154, along with Cardinal Cencius, Bishop of Porto, and Cardinal Bernardus of S. Clemente [JL 9966 (6827)]. Astaldus [Romanus], presbiter cardinalis tituli sanctae Priscae (1151-1161) Formerly Cardinal Deacon of S. Eustachio (1143-1151) [Cardella I. 2, p. 46] Rolando Bandinelli, presbiter cardinalis tituli sancti Marci (by March 2, 1151— 1159) et Cancellarius (died August 30, 1181). Former Cardinal Deacon of SS. Cosmae et Damiani (1150-1151). Chancellor, since May of 1153, though Pope Innocent III remarked that he noted in Eugenius III's Register that Roland was chancellor primo mense sui pontificatus [Baronius-Theiner 18 sub anno 1145, no. 26, p. 633]. Gerardus, Cardinal Priest of S. Stefano in monte Celio (1151-1158). Subscribes June 16, 1153 [Migne PL 180, 160; JL 9731]; Eugenius III died on July 8, 1153. Subscribes on December 10, 1153 for Anastasius IV [PflugkHarttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita I, no. 230, p. 216; JL 9775], and on January 13, 1154 [Migne PL 188, 1025; JL 9816] and February 16 [Migne PL 188, 1038, April 20 [Migne PL 188, 1058; JL 9869], May 20 [Migne PL 188, 1074; JL 9907]. On April 11, 1155, he was judge in a case involving S. Maria in Monasterio, along with Gregory of Sabina and Giulio of S. Marcello [Fedele, Archivio 29 (1906), no. i, pp. 205-209]. 20. Iohannes, presbiter cardinalis tituli sanctorum Ioannis et Pauli tit. Pamachii [Forcella, Iscrizioni delle chiese 10, p. 6 no. 4 (December 31, 1157)]. (1151-1180). In June of 1155 he was one of three cardinals (along with Guido of S. Pudenziana and Guido of S. Maria in Porticu) who were sent to King Frederick with papal mandates, which included a demand for the person of Arnold of Brescia (Boso, "Vita Hadriani", in Watterich, p. 325). 21. Iohannes Mercone [Morrone] [Pisanus], presbiter cardinalis tit. sanctorum Silvestri et Martini titulo Equitii (1152-1161) [Watterich, p. 381]. Former Chancellor of the King of Jerusalem. Former Archbishop of Tyre. Named "Bishop of Albano" by Antipope Paschal III (Guido Cremensis) before November 18, 1166. 22. Henricus Moricotti, O.Cist.[Pisanus], presbiter cardinalis tituli sanctorum Nerei et Achillei (1151-1166). Formerly subdeacon S. R. E. and monk of Clairvaux. Abbot of the monastery of S. Anastasius at Tre Fontane outside Rome [Brixius, 54-55 and 108; Zenker, 96-101]. Under the new Pope, Andrianus IV, he was legate in Sicily (1155), and in Germany (1158). He carried the famous letter to King William from the new Pope Adrian in which William was addressed only as dominus Siciliae, an example of gross stupidity in papal diplomacy. The friendly overture of King William to Pope Adrian immediately froze, which led to William's invasion of papal territory and his excommunication [Raymond of Salerno Chronicon; MGH 19, 428; Cardinal Boso, "Life of Hadrian IV"] 23. Rodulfus diaconus cardinalis sanctae Luciae in Saepta solis (Septisolio) (1143-1160). 24. Guido Cremensis, Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Porticu (until March, 1158) from 1145 [Brixius, 54] to 1158 [JL II, p. 102 and 9495, 9686, 10190, 10212, 10256, 10268, 10285, 10392. [Cardella, p.58, wrongly notes his death in 1155!]. Wiederhold, Nachrichten von der k. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen . Phil.-hist. Klasse (1907), no. 7, pp. 29-30 (December 26, 1154): Ego Guido Cremensis diac. card. sancte Marie in Porticu. In 1148, Cardinal Guido was sent to Poland as Legate [JL 9296]. In 1150, in a letter to Abbot Wibald of Corbie [Corvey] [Migne, PL 189, 400] he calls himself Guido sanctae Romanae ecclesiae diaconus cardinalis et cancellarius.], and he subscribes as such [Migne PL 180, 1174-1175 (December 27, 1146]. Guido Cremensis was promoted to Cardinal Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere tituli Calixti from S. Maria in Porticu in 1158 (subscribed from March 19, 1158 [JL 10394]). . He became antipope Paschalis III (11641168). Died September 20, 1168. [Salvador Miranda wrongly considers him to be the Cardinal Deacon of S. Eustachio, created in 1150]. 25. Iohannes [Neapolitanus], son of Gaderisius of Naples, diaconus cardinalis sanctorum Sergii et Bachi [JL 10299 (June 28, 1157); Cardella I. 2, pp. 84-85; Watterich, p. 475] [Neapolitanus: C. Holdsworth, Rufford Charters (1972) p. 366; Theiner, Codex Diplomaticus (1861), 20] He studied in Paris, and became a canon of S. Victor. It is conjectured that he was made a cardinal at the time of Pope Eugenius' stay in Paris between April and June of 1147. He last appears as a Cardinal Deacon on February 10, 1158 [JL 10378 (7030)], or March 12, 1158 [Brixius, 144]; Joannes presbyter cardinalis S. Anastasiae appears on April 21, 1158; clearly Joannes Neapolitanus was promoted. The reason for his promotion is reported by A. Hari, "La promozione e probabilmente conessa con la circostanza che Adriano IV, prima di diventare papa, era stato priore della canonica regolare di S. Rufo presso Avignone." However, that is nothing but a facile guess, for which there is not the slightest justification. Hari also states that Iohannes Neapolitanus was one of the principal architects of the election of Alexander III—for which there is no positive evidence, unless Hari means merely that he was in Rolando Bandinelli's party and voted for him. 26. Oddo de Brixia, diaconus cardinalis sancti Nicolai in carcere Tulliano (11521175). Legate of Adrianus IV in northern Italy Cardinals not attending the Election of 1154: 27. ? Raynaldus, Abbot of Montecassino (died 1166). He is commemorated in the Necrologion Casinense [Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores VII, 943] in July: " Idibus. Obiit Ven. mem. Dominus Rainaldus presbyter cardinalis et Abbas hujus loci." [July 15]. It is alleged that Rainaldo di Collemezzo Abbot of Montecassino [Cardella I.2, pp. 26-27] was created Cardinal Priest of Marcellino e Pietro by Innocent II in 1140; or maybe created by Anacletus II and welcomed into the faction of Innocent II, who allowed him to keep his title [rejected by Cardella, p. 27]. In fact, it would seem that, as an adherent of King Roger of Sicily and of Anacletus II, Rainaldo would have been one of those excommunicated and deposed by the Lateran Synod of 1139, and he may have been one of those pardoned along with King Roger after the Normans captured Pope Innocent on July 22, 1139; but there is no positive evidence for such suppositions (cf. Luigi Tosti, La storia della Badia di Monte-Cassino II [1842], pp. 153-168). Innocent II was not uniformly forgiving to all of the supporters of Anacletus: In August he deposed Rossemanus, Archbishop of Benevento, and others, because they had favored Anacletus II (Falco, Chronicon Beneventanum: Watterich, pp. 253-255). And there is no evidence that he was Cardinal of S. Marcellino e Pietro. In a document of December 12, 1147, however, King Roger of Sicily calls Rainaldus vir venerabilis Raynaldus S. Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis, et sacri Cassiniensis coenobii religiosissimus abbas, fidelis noster (Tosti II, pp. 193194). Rainaldus is called "cardinalis et venerabilis Montis Casini abbas" in other documents (e.g. Tosti, pp. 196-198 [March 1155]). G. A. Loud, The Latin Church in Norman Italy (Cambridge 2007), p. 241, states that Rainaldo "seems to have been an honorary cardinal from 1141, but never an active member of the college." It is a fact that the title 'cardinal' was used in other churches than the Church of Rome, at Ravenna and Compostela for example (e.g. Bulletino dell' "Archivio paleografico italiano" num. 1 (Perugia 1908, p. 75; Ughelli, Italia sacra II, 371: per manum Alberti, diaconi cardinalis Ravennatensis ecclesiae). Pope Urban IV refers to the canons of Ravenna being called "cardinales" in a mandate of June 11, 1264 [Guiraud, Registres d' Urbain IV III (1904), p. 274, no. 1760]. Ciaconius-Olduin (I, 1057) list him as one of the 33 living cardinals (according to his count) in December, 1154, at the time of the Election of Adrian IV. 28. Ildebrandus [Hiltprandus] Crassus [Bononiensis], Cardinal Deacon of S. Eustachio (1152-1156) Later presbiter cardinalis basilicae XII apostolorum (1156-1178) He was papal legate in northern Italy perhaps toward the end of 1153. He appears as rector and procurator of the diocese of Modena on January 13, 1154 [to 1156: Cappelletti, Le chiese d'Italia XV, p. 260]. Documents indicate that he was in residence throughout 1154 [documents cited by Klaus Ganzer, Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelalter, 101; Kehr, Italia Pontificia 7. 1, p. 322 no. 1 (Mantua, August 23, 1154)], though he paid a visit to Rome in December, 1154–February, 1155. He subscribed on December 26, 1154 for the new Pope, Adrianus IV [Kehr, Nachrichten der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, phil.-hist. Klasse (1907), no. 7, p. 29]. It is likely that he returned to Rome after the death of Anastasius IV and the election of Adrianus IV, to report on his activities and to receive further assignments or instructions. By July 25, 1155, he was back in Modena. He was still there in 1157 [Kehr, Italia Pontificia 7. 1, p. 322 no. 2]. 29. Oddo Bonecase [MGH SS 8, 255; Zanker, 159], diaconus cardinalis sancti Georgii ad velum aureum (1132-1161). Protodiaconus. He was sent on a diplomatic mission to France in 1154 [Zenker, 159; E. Ernst, Archiv fur Diplomatik, Schriftgeschichte, Siegel- und Wappenkunde (1987), p. 260]. His latest subscription under Anastasius IV is on May 19, 1154 [JL 9906; PflugkHarttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita III, pp. 150-152], and he does not subscribe for Adrianus IV until April 17 1155—a suggestion thereby of the chronological parameters for his mission to France. 30. Iacinthus "Bobone" (Orsini), son of Petrus Bubo, of the Arenula district of Rome [see R. Brentano, Rome before Avignon (Berkeley 1974), p. 103, for the hostility between the Boboni and the Conti]. Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin. In July of 1126 he was prior subdiaconorum sacrae basilicae [Sancti Petri] (JL 7266]. In April, 1138, Iacinthus was prior subdiaconum sacri palatii [JL 7890]. He studied in Paris, and heard the lectures of Peter Abelard (ca. 1138-1140). Diaconus Cardinalis sanctae Mariae in Cosmedin (1144-1191). [Cardella I. 2, pp. 47-50]. He was Apostolicae Sedis Legatus in Spain and Portugal (1154-1155) [on Spain: P. Kehr, Nachrichten der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, phil.-hist. Klasse (1902), no. 9, pp. 429-430], having left Rome after February 14, 1154, when he subscribed a papal document [Migne PL 188, p. 1037 (JL 9834)]. On September 19, Pope Anastasius, writing to the Archbishop of Braga, mentions Iacinthus as his apostolicae sedis legatus who will enforce his mandates [P. Kehr, Nachrichten der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, phil.-hist. Klasse (1902), no. 7, pp. 427-428]. On November 4, 1154 he signed a document addressed to the house of the Teutonic Knights in Coimbra [Erdmann, no. 54, pp. 219-222]; and another on November 15, 1154, to the Prior of Reflorios de Lima [Erdmann, no. 55, pp. 222-225]; and there is a reference to his presence in January, 1155, at the Council of Valladolid [Erdmann, no. 56, p.225; see Leineweber, p. 11, n.1]. On March 3, 1155, he wrote from Naiare to the Archbishop of Toledo that he had suspended the Archbishop of Braga [P. Kehr, "Papsturkunden in Rom, III," Nachrichten der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, phil.hist. Klasse (1903), 158-159, no. 13; and cf. no. 14]. He was back in Rome by December 28, 1155 [JL, p. 103; JL 10106]. Iacinthus was Legatus a latere again in Spain and Portugal in 1172-1175 [Erdmann, no. 68, pp. 239241; Leineweber, 26-32]. In general, see Johannes Leineweber, Studien zur Geschichte Papst Cölestins III (Jena 1905) 10-15. (He died January 8, 1198, as Pope Celestine III) 31. ? Gerardus (Gerhard) [Namur: Brixius, p. 54], Canon of Lüttich (Liège); diaconus cardinalis sanctae Mariae in Via Lata (1152-1155?). He subscribed a bull on November 22, 1153 [Migne PL 188, 999]. Sent by Anastasius IV on a mission to Germany; he seems to have left the Curia with a ring for Abbot Wibaldus of Corbey [Migne PL 188, 1032; JL 9827)], but he did not immediately leave the Curia. He still signed a bull on February 14 [JL 9834 (February 14, 1154)]. Cardinal Gregory of S. Angelo wrote to Abbot Wibald in February, 1154, that Pope Anastasius had granted him the use of the episcopal ring, which was being brought to him by Cardinal Gerhard [Jaffé, Bibliotheca Germanica I: Monumenta Corbeiensia (Berlin 1864), no. 431, p. 567]. He was certainly back in the Curia by February 11, 1155 [JL 9993]. Otto of Frising [Gesta Friderici I, Liber II, cap. 10; MGH SS 20, p. 394; Baronius-Pagi, sub anno 1154, no. 1, p. 76], records the mission to Germany and (erroneously) the death of a Cardinal Gerardus at the end of 1153 or in early 1154 [See Brixius, p. 107, n. 123; Henry Simonsfeld, Jahrbücher des deutschen Reiches unter Friedrich I, Erster Band (Leipzig 1908), 215]. Otto may have received information that his Cardinal Gerhard was ill and close to death, and incorrectly anticipated events. Cardinal Gerhard was not dead. If one were to speculate, Gerhard's dangerous situation could have been due to continued illness (malaria, for example—an all-too-common affliction of people living in Rome: A. Celli, Storia della malaria nell' Agro Romano [Città di Castello 1925]). His place of recuperation is unknown: if it were in Rome, he might have been able to attend the Election; many cardinals who were seriously ill nonetheless attended electoral meetings. If he were elsewhere than in Rome, considering the speed of the Election, he should probably be considered as absent. His successor, Raimundus, was in office on April 24, 1158 [Migne PL 188, 1564; cf. JL p. 103, where the date of February 24 is given in error, there being no subscriptions on that date]. 32. Symon (Simon, Simone) Borelli [Sangrino], OSB, Cardinal Deacon of "S. Mariae in Domnica et Sublacensis abbas" (by 1158; d. ca. 1183) [Chronicon Sublacense, p. 248 ed. Mirzio; Cardella I. 2, p. 96; Watterich, 461; Doeberl, MGS IV, p. 150 n.; Ganzer, 102 and n. 4]. He is said by Cardella to be of the Conti di Pietrabondante in the Kingdom of Naples; this statement is labelled as "cose tutte favolose" by P. Egidi, in I monasteri di Subiaco (Roma 1904), p. 106 n.3. Symon was educated at Subiaco and in France, and joined the pontifical family while Pope Eugenius was there (between March 1147 and May of 1148). Eugenius had heard of the intrusion of a monk Raimo (Rainaldo) into the abbatial Chair at Subiaco, but, accepting the advice of two Cardinals, Octavianus and Gregorius S. Angeli, he authorized his installation. Raimo showed his gratitude and generosity by giving the Castle of Cerretum to Sublimanus, the brother of Cardinal Octavianus. Raimo and his relatives stripped the monastery of much of its wealth for their own benefit, including its castelli. When Pope Eugenius returned to Italy at the end of 1148, he learned of the real character and activities of Abbot Raimo. Raimo was summoned to an interview with the Pope, probably after the Pope returned to the Lateran on November 28, 1149. Eugenius found fault with his activities and severly criticized him. The Pope sent Cardinal Gregory of S. Angelo to Subiaco, who promptly excommunicated the Abbot. Raimo (Rainaldo) was deposed by Eugenius III in 1149 [See the narrative in the original document given in the edition of the Chronicon Sublacense of Mirzio by L. Allodi, p. 242 n.1; P. Egidi, 106]. At the same time Cardinal Gregory took possession of the citadel at Subiaco. The Pope and the monks of Subiaco then elected Symon as the thirty-first Abbot of Subiaco [Chronicon Sublacense, 943-944 ed. Muratori, 248 ed. Mirzio; Zenker, p. 140]. Not much later, non multo post haec (that is to say, after his election as abbot in 1149), Abbot Simon was appointed Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Domnica by Pope Eugenius [cf. Brixius, pp. 59-60 and 117, who attributes his cardinalate to Hadrian IV, not Eugenius III; Zenker, 140 and 197 n. 12. K. Ganzer, Die Entwicklung, p. 102, says "Spätestens in Jahre 1158 wurde Simon zum Kardinaldiakon von S. Maria in Domnica erhoben." Egidi, 106, attributes the date of 1158 to Louis de Mas Latrie; the date of 1158 for the creation has no documentary support whatever and is inaccurate. Ganzer's "spätstens in Jahre 1158 " is an effort to be more cautious, but the evident meaning of the author of the Chronicle is that the promotion was made by Eugenius III]. The second expulsion of Pope Eugenius from Rome in June of 1150, and his retreat to Ferentinum, may have provided the occasion for giving Abbot Symon increased status and responsibility. Cardinals Octavianus was building imperial support in the area, and the Roman Commune and Senate had sent an embassy to summon the Emperor Conrad III to Rome. Abbot Simon removed the Castle of Cerretum from the possession of Raimo's brother, and gave it in feudal tenure to the brother of Cardinal Gregory [column 944 ed. Muratori; Zenker, 140)—or to the brother of Cardinal Iacinthus (p. 248, ed. Cherubino Mirzio). Before September 28, 1157, Cardinal Symon, Abbot of Subiaco, had been named Rector of the Campagna of Rome and papal vicar in spiritual matters [Fabre-Duchesne (edd.), Liber Censuum I, 588]. The date usually assigned [1158] is inconsistent with one of the signatories, Albertus de Morra, still being a Cardinal Deacon; cf. Kehr, Italia Pontificia II, p. 95, no 44. The correct date is 1157. The statement, often seen and often repeated, that Symon became a cardinal in 1158 (or 1159), is therefore incorrect. If Simon actually was a creation of Eugenius III, he would have been eligible to be an elector both in July of 1153 and in December of 1154. Others • In 1154, there were two Cardinals named Gregory. Gregory of S. Angelo (1143–April 13, 1154) is the Gregory who was diaconus cardinalis et Sabinensis electus in April, 1154. He died during that Spring or Summer. In 1150, in a letter to Abbot Wibald of Corbie [Corvey] [Migne, PL 189, 400] he calls himself Guido sanctae Romanae ecclesiae diaconus cardinalis et cancellarius. He had been in Germany as papal legate at the time of the death of Eugenius III on July 8, 1153; he communicated the news by letter to Wibald of Stablo, Abbot of Corbie [Corvey], announced that he has been recalled, and summoned Wibald to a meeting which had been planned to be held on September 29 at Worms [Jaffé, Bibliotheca Germanica I: Monumenta Corbeiensia (Berlin 1864) no. 416, p. 553 (July/August, 1154)]; Gregory was reappointed, along with Cardinal Bernardus of S. Clemente [Migne PL 189, ccclxxxix, columns 1426-1427], and they summon Wibald to a meeting at Würzburg [Jaffé, no.417, pp. 553-554]. Both cardinals stayed at Corbie [Corvey], but apparently returned to Rome by the end of 1153. [Jaffé, nos. 426, 427]. Cardinal Gregory wrote from Rome to Abbot Wibald in February, 1154, that Pope Anastasius had granted Wibald the use of the episcopal ring, which was being brought to him by Cardinal Gerhard [Jaffé, no.431, p. 567; Migne PL 189 no. 404 column 1436]. The Pope's own letter to the Abbot is dated February 7 [Jaffé, no. 430]. Gregory of S. Angelo is not the same as the Gregorius who became Bishop of Sabina by September, 1154; that second Gregorius had been Cardinal Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere [MGH Diplomata Friderich I, pars 1, p. 166]. Gregory of S. Angelo was deceased by the time the Election of 1154 took place. • Johannes Paparo (Giovanni Paparoni), Cardinal Priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso (1151-1154?); When offered promotion to the rank of Cardinal Priest, he refused, and was suspended from his cardinalate by Pope Eugenius. Gregorius of S. Angelo and the other cardinals persuaded him to submit, and he was ordained. He had already been marked out to be Legate to Scotland and Ireland when his promotion occurred in March, 1151, and the Pope, in one of his stubborn and irrational moods, refused to send anyone who was not a Cardinal Priest [Historia Pontificalis, MGH SS 20, 540]; he is mentioned by S. Bernard as a successful legate in his Epistolae 290 (1152). His latest signature occurs on January 24, 1154 [JL 9821; but cf. Kehr, Italia Pontificia IV, p. 23 no. 7, who reads the date as October 31, 1153]. He was formerly Cardinal Deacon of S. Adriano (last signature as Cardinal Deacon on March 2, 1151) Deceased? • Hughes de Foliot, OSB, Prior of Saint-Laurent au Bois, Amiens, 1152 (according to Miranda, probably working from Duchesne, he was created cardinal deacon in a consistory celebrated in 1140; his deaconry is not known. Protodeacon in 1161. Died ca. 1164). He was never Protodeacon; Cardinal Odo Bonecase would always have been his senior. He did not subscribe any documents. Salvador Miranda also makes Cardinal Odo Bonecase the Cardinal Protodeacon (which he was), but Miranda has Cardinal Odo crown Pope Adrian IV, which he did not do. Hughes de Foliot was not a cardinal. [cf. Duchesne, Cardinaux françois 130-13 , noting that Aubery had rejected his cardinalate; Zenker, 124] Election Cardinal Boso's "Life of Adrianus IV" [Watterich II, 324] says, Transeunte autem modico temporis intervallo obiit Anastasius Papa, et in secunda die convenientibus in unum pro eligendo sibi pastore cunctis episcopis et cardinalibus apud ecclesiam beati Petri, non sine divini dispositione consilii factum est, ut in eius personam unanimiter concordarent et Papam Adrianum a Deo electum tam clerici quam laici pariter conclamantes, eum invitum et renitentem in sede beati Petri Deo auctore intronizarunt, dominicae incarnationis anno MCLIV, indictione III. That would make the day of the Election December 4, 1154, the day after the death of Pope Anastasius. The election took place in the Basilica of St Peter in the Vatican.. Consecration Adrianus IV (Nicholas Breakspere) was enthroned on Sunday, December 5, 1154, no consecration being necessary since he was already a bishop [JL, p. 103]. Salvador Miranda states that Adrianus IV was crowned by Cardinal Odone Fattiboni, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro. This is not the case. Cardinal Odo Bonecase was in France at the time, on a diplomatic assignment [Zenker, 159]. The new Pope immediately sent ambassadors to the Emperor Frederick: Cencius of Porto, Bernardus of San Clemente, and Octavianus of S. Cecilia [Jaffé, Bibliotheca Germanica I: Monumenta Corbeiensia (Berlin 1864) no. 434, pp. 569-570 (December 29, 1154)].