Definitions of Planning, Education and Educational Planning

Definitions of Planning, Education and Educational Planning A. The definition of planning according to some experts is as follows: 1. Louise E. Boone and David L. Kurtz (1984) that: planning may be defined as the process by which managers set objectives, assess the future, and develop courses of action designed to accomplish these objectives. The point is that a leader makes goals that must be achieved, develops and does something that has been arranged so that it can achieve the goals to be achieved. 2. T. Hani Handoko (1995) states that: "Planning (planning) is the selection or determination of organizational goals and the determination of strategies, policies, projects, programs, procedures, methods, systems, budgets and standards needed to achieve goals. Decision making is heavily involved in this function." 3. Plato said that Planning is The beginning is the most important part of the work. Planning is the beginning of any work that will be done. 4. Abdulrachman (1973), Planning is rational thinking based on facts and or approaching estimates in preparation for carrying out later actions. 5. Siagian (1994), Planning is the whole process of thinking and determining carefully the things that will be done in the future in order to achieve what has been determined. 6. Terry (1975), Planning is the selection and linking of facts, making and using assumptions relating to the future by describing and formulating certain activities that are believed to be necessary to achieve a certain result. 7. Hadari Nawawi (1983: 16) states that planning is a step in preparing to solve a problem or carrying out a job that is directed at achieving certain goals. 8. Garth N. Jone states that planning is a process. The process of selecting and developing the best or most profitable course of action to achieve certain goals. 9. Mc. Farland states that planning is a management function. A leader can influence his subordinates to make changes to the goals that must be achieved within a certain time. 10. W.H. Newman argues that planning is a decision that will be done for the future or a plan projected in an action. Some of the opinions above have provided definitions of planning according to different points of view. This can make a conclusion that planning is inseparable from a certain goal to be achieved, so that planning is a process of determining the expected goals in concrete ways to optimize the achievement of these goals. B. The definition of education according to some experts is as follows: 1. John Dewey, suggests that education is a process of renewing the meaning of experience, this may occur in ordinary association or association of adults with young people, it may also occur intentionally and institutionalized to produce social continuity. This process involves the supervision and development of the immature person and the group in which he lives. 2. Edgar Dalle that Education is a conscious effort made by families, communities, and governments through guidance, teaching, and training activities, which take place in schools and outside of schools throughout life to prepare students to be able to play a role in various environments permanently for the future. 3. Ki Hajar Dewantara "Education is a demand in the life of growing children, as for what it means, education is guiding all the forces of nature that exist in these children, so that they as humans and as members of society can achieve the highest safety and happiness.” 4. M.J. Longeveled that Education is an effort, influence, protection and assistance given to children in order to aim for maturity, or rather help children to be sufficiently capable of carrying out their own life tasks. 5. Prof. Richey in his book 'Planning for teaching, an Introduction to Education' explains the term 'Education' with regard to the broad function of maintaining and improving the life of a society, especially bringing new citizens (new generations) to fulfill their obligations and responsibilities in society. 6. Ibn Muqaffa (one of the Arabs who lived in 106 AH-143 AH, author of Kalilah and Daminah) said that: "Education is that which we need to get something that will strengthen all our senses like food and drink, with more we need to achieve a high civilization which is the nourishment of the mind and spirit. 7. Soekidjo Notoatmodjo (2003: 16) Education in general is all efforts planned to influence other people, individuals, groups, or communities so that they do what is expected by the perpetrators of education. 8. Language Center of the Ministry of National Education (2002: 263) Education is the process of changing the attitudes and behavior of a person or group of people in an effort to mature humans through teaching and training efforts, the process, method, act of educating. 9. Indonesian Law No. 20 of 2003 (on the National Education System, article 1) Education is a conscious and planned effort to create a learning atmosphere and learning process so that students actively develop their potential to have religious spiritual strength, self-control, personality, intelligence, noble character, and skills needed by themselves, society, nation and state. 10. Elisa et al (2001) state that education is widely known in the community is education in the formal sense, namely education received by students through educators and is usually carried out at an institution or institution. Overall, the definition of education given by experts refers to a conscious effort made by individuals to be able to know and gain knowledge, both from formal, non-formal and informal education. C. Definition of Educational Planning according to some experts as follows: 1. Depdiknas (2006) defines education planning as a process of preparing a picture of future educational activities in order to achieve the changes/educational goals that have been set. The definition states that planning is aimed at changing the future. The desired future of education is quality education that is dealt with in a structured and programmed manner through planning from the start so that the future is not the result of mere coincidence. 2. Coombs (1982), educational planning is a rational activity of systematic analysis of the educational development process with the aim that education is more effective and efficient. 3. Albert Waterston (1975), educational planning is a form of educational investment that can be carried out and development activities based on economic considerations and costs and social benefits. 4. Guruge (1972) educational planning is the process of preparing future activities in the field of educational development. 5. Beeby, C.E., educational planning is an effort to look ahead to the future in terms of determining priority policies, and education costs that take into account the reality of existing activities in the economic, social, and political fields to develop the potential of the national education system to meet the needs of the nation and the students served by the system. 6. Y. Dror (1975), educational planning is a process of preparing a set of decisions for future activities directed at achieving goals in optimal ways for the overall economic and social development of a country. 7. Prof. Dr. Yusuf Enoch, educational planning is a process that prepares a set of alternative decisions for future activities directed at achieving goals with optimal effort and taking into account existing realities in the economic, socio-cultural and overall fields of a country. 8. Endang Sunarya, (2000:1) Education planning is a process of formulating policies and instruments as well as a technique for determining priorities, and is an integrated part of national development so as to achieve national education goals. 9. Engkoswaran and Komariah (2010: 132) educational planning is the process of determining decisions related to the objectives to be achieved, the sources to be empowered, the techniques / methods chosen appropriately to carry out the actions that have been arranged so that implementation can be effectively and efficiently. 10. Don Adam (1975), is a process of preparing a set of decisions for future activities directed at achieving goals in an optimal way for the overall economic and social development of a country. The definitions given by experts do have different editorials, but the substance of these definitions has in common that educational planning is a process to determine the goals to be achieved, and the ways to achieve these goals.