Midterm Exam Fundamentals of Educational Administration Course

MIDTERM EXAM FUNDAMENTALS OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION COURSE Question: 1. Explain the historical development of educational administration science 2. Describe the scope of educational administration 3. Explain the philosophy of educational administration in terms of ontology, epistemology, and axiology. 4. Explain the function of management and SWOT analysis in achieving the future excellence of schools 5. Explain the relationship between the School Work Plan and the 8 National Education Standards in achieving school quality 5. Answer: 1. Administrative science was introduced with the thoughts of classical theorists who are considered as pioneers and became the foundation for modern administrative science. Classical theorists who contributed to the development of administration as a science include Charles Babbage, Henry R. Tone, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Gilbreths, Henry L. Gant, Harrington Emerson, Henry Fayol, James D. Money, Lyndal F. Urwick, Chester Barnard. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.'s statement that "if you want to understand or try to determine what will happen tomorrow, you need to look back, is important for every administration student (Stephen P. Robbins, 1980). This expression implies that if you want to understand modern or recent administrative thinking, you must look at the background that led to the current situation. It will be found that administrative activities and work have existed for thousands of years. However, it was only in the late 19th or early 20th century that this experience was scientifically examined and analyzed and then collected and united in a discipline called administrative science. The statement above explains that by using historical facts (administration) carefully, a more precise analysis of current administrative facts and theories will be obtained, and it will also help facilitate analysis of future administrative perspectives. It is known that in approximately 1300 BC, the Egyptians had recognized administration. Max Webber, a prominent German sociologist of his day, believed Egypt to be the only oldest country to have a bureaucratic administration. Likewise, in ancient China, we know about the Chow constitution, which was influenced by Confucius' teachings in "Government Administration". From Greece (430 BC) with its democratic state management structure, Rome with Marcus Tullius Cicero's "De Officiis" and "De Legibus"; and the 17th century in Prussia, Austria, Germany and France, with the Chameralists, who developed the science of Public Administration, for example the bookkeeping system in terms of state financial administration, the Mercantilists (economic and political centralization) and the Physiocrats who were influential during the period 1550-1700s. In Purwanto (2014) the development of administrative science initially only moved in the industrial and corporate world, but gradually this administrative science began to spread to the government or state, so that it finally spread to the world of education. Although it has some similarities with other fields of administrative science, educational administration still has some differences in its operational principles. In the middle of the early 20th century, the Indonesian education world still did not recognize what the field of educational administration studies was. Whereas in developed countries, educational administration began to develop rapidly since the first half of the 20th century, especially since the end of World War II. In Indonesia itself, educational administration has only been introduced through several IKIPs since the 1960s. Educational administration began with the Educational Administration Course given at the undergraduate level at the PTPG Department of Education in 1954. The educational administration department began in 1964 under the name of the administration and supervision department abbreviated as ADSUP within the Faculty of Education of IKIP Bandung. The turning point of realizing the existence of educational administration science as a body of knowledge, began during a lecturer meeting in June 1998 which agreed to change the name of Supervision Administration to the Department of Educational Administration. 2. Fields that generally become the scope of administration also apply in educational administration. The scope generally includes two fields of activity. First, administrative management. Second, operative management. Educational administration in general has a broader scope than school administration. Educational administration does not only concern the arrangement of formal education (schools, madrasah, and universities), but also education outside schools or non-formal education, such as TPA/TPQ, boarding schools, majelis taklim and so on. In general, education administration includes: ● Curriculum administration, including bookkeeping / recording the number of subjects or courses taught / marketed, available hours, the number of teachers and the distribution of class hours, the number of classes, scheduling, books needed, semester programs, evaluations, annual programs and educational calendars. ● Education personnel administration, including bookkeeping / recording: collection of application and acceptance letters, mutations, decision letters, letters of assignment, education personnel files, general staffing lists, and so on. ● Student administration, including brochures and new student registration forms and their requirements, new student admission test data, parent books, clapper books, class division books, attendance books, outgoing mutation books, special record books, and so on. ● Administration of educational facilities and infrastructure, including procurement planning books, distribution and use of goods (inventory) books, goods repair books and trade-in and write-off books. ● Education finance/financing administration, including new student registration finance, building fees/education development donations, uniform money, school equipment and package books, tuition fees, routine activities (such as scouts, sports), incidental activity money, etc. ● Office administration, including bookkeeping, incoming letters, outgoing letters, expeditions, guest books, important books related to the implementation of education. ● Administration of education support units, including bookkeeping: guidance and counseling activities (BP), library, UKS, scouts, sports, arts, and so on. ● Administration of special education services, including bookkeeping: food/consumption menus, shuttle services, special guidance at home, and so on. ● Administration of school environment and security, including bookkeeping: spatial planning and school security, cleaning schedules, school rules, school guard schedules, and so on. ● Administration of community relations, including bookkeeping: addresses of offices/people deemed necessary, results of cooperation, public relations programs, and so on. 3. According to Redjo Mudyaharjo (2001) (in Kompri, 2015, p. 52), the basics of scientific philosophy are related in the sense of the ontological basis, epistemological basis, and axiological basis of education science, namely: ● The study of the ontology of educational science, as for the aspects of reality reached by educational theory and science through sensory experience is the world of empirical human experience. The material object of educational science is the whole person, a complete human being with aspects of his personality, namely a human being who has noble character in an educational situation or is expected to surpass humans as social beings considering that as a member of society he has the characteristics of a good citizen (good citizenship) or the best citizenship. ● Epistemological studies of educational science, epistemological basis is needed by education or educational science experts in order to develop their knowledge productively and responsibly. The essence of this epistemological basis is that it can be determined that in explaining its formal object, the study of educational science does not only develop applied science but leads to the study of theory and educational science as an autonomous science that has its own formal object or its own problematics even though it cannot only use quantitative or experimental approaches (Campbell & Stanley). Thus, testing the truth of knowledge is needed correspondingly, coherently and at the same time practically and or pragmatically (Randall & Buchler) ● Axiology study of educational science. The usefulness of educational theory is not only necessary as an autonomous science but also necessary to provide the best possible basis for education as a process of civilizing human beings. Therefore, the value of education science is not only intrinsic as a science like art for art, but also extrinsic value and science to examine the basics of the possibility of acting in practice through control of negative influences and increasing positive influences in education. Thus the science of education is not value-free given that there is only a very thin line between the work of educational science and the educator's task as pedagogic. 4. Planning, organizing, leading and supervising, especially in the field of education, are managerial activities that are essentially a decision-making process. All of these activities require information. There are several requirements so that the information needed can function and be useful for decision makers and other users, namely unifornity, complete, clear, and timely (Suhardan, et al., 2009: 163-164) (in Kompri, 2015, p. 98). a) Planning is a process of preparing a series of decisions to take action in the future directed towards achieving goals with optimal means (Yurmani and Waspada) (in Kompri, 2015, p. 98). some of the benefits of planning are: ● Produce a plan that can be used as a framework plan and completion guidelines ● The plan determines the most effective and efficient process for achieving goals ● With the plan every step can be measured or compared with the results that should be achieved ● Prevents waste of money, energy, and time ● Narrow the possibility of interference or obstacles. b) Organizing according to Terry (in Sagala, 2009: 62) (in Kompri, 2015, p. 100) is the division of work planned to be completed by group members, determining between them and providing a proper work environment. Organizing is a function that must be carried out by every manager at all levels, types of activities, and large or small organizational forms. Some of the benefits of implementing the organizing function are: ● Between one field and another field, the boundaries can be known, and it can be designed how between parts can cooperate so that task synchronization is achieved with clear assignments to the people. ● Each member knows his authority and responsibility ● By describing the units of activity in an organizational structure, vertical and horizontal relationships can be known, both in structural and functional lines. c) Briefing is an effort made by the leader to provide explanations, instructions, and guidance to people who are subordinates before and during carrying out tasks. Briefings carried out before starting work are useful for emphasizing things that need to be handled, priority order, work procedures, etc. so that the implementation of work can be effective and efficient. d) Coordination is an effort made by the leader to organize, unite, synchronize, integrate activities carried out by subordinates. Coordinating activities need to be carried out by leaders so that: ● A unified and integral force is obtained so that the organization's movements can be harmonious and support each other and achieve results effectively and efficiently. ● There is no confusion of activities both in form, direction and implementation of work. ● There is no concurrency between parts and instead a healthy and mutually helpful relationship is established. e) Communication is an effort made by the head of the institution to disseminate information that occurs within and matters outside the institution that have to do with the smooth running of the task of achieving common goals. Communication is closely related to directing and coordinating efforts, because good communication does not only occur one way from superiors, but also comes from the bottom up or between colleagues. f) Supervision means coaching and straightening out various inaccuracies and mistakes, which is the key to the success of the management process. Mockler (Stoner) (in Kompri, 2015, p. 104) said supervision is a systematic effort to set implementation standards with planning objectives, design feedback information systems, compare real activities with predetermined standards, determine and measure deviations, and take the necessary corrective actions to ensure that all company resources are used in the most effective and efficient way in organizational goals. The objectives and benefits of supervision in education include: ● To arouse and encourage the enthusiasm of teachers and other school administrative staff to carry out their duties to the best of their ability. ● So that teachers and other administrative staff try to complete their shortcomings in the implementation of education including various instructional media needed for the smooth running of a good teaching process ● Strive to jointly develop, search for and use new methods in the advancement of a good teaching process ● Foster harmonious cooperation between teachers, students, and school employees, for example by holding seminars, workshops, in service or training (Mukhtar and Iskandar, 2009: 41) (in Kompri, 2015, p. 110). SWOT analysis is a way to analyze the competitive position of an institution or individual consisting of S (Strength or strength), W (Weakness or weakness), O (Opportunity or opportunity), T (Threat or threat). SWOT analysis provides the basis and considerations for decision-making and action. SWOT analysis in school organization can help allocate resources such as budget, facilities and infrastructure, human resources, school facilities, environmental potential, etc. more effectively. SWOT analysis in school programs can be done by creating a SWOT matrix. This matrix consists of a list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the implementation of school programs to obtain school quality can be done SO strategy (use strengths and take advantage of opportunities), WO strategy (improve weaknesses and take advantage of opportunities), ST strategy (use strengths and avoid threats), WT strategy (overcome weaknesses and avoid threats). 5. The Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System and Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 32 of 2013 concerning national education standards mandate that every education unit at the primary and secondary education levels must meet the National Education Standards (SNP) which include content standards, process standards, graduate competency standards, facilities and infrastructure standards, processing standards, financing standards, educator and education personnel standards, and assessment standards. Education management standards are national education standards at the education unit, district/city, provincial or national level in order to achieve the efficiency and effectiveness of education delivery If described in a cycle, planning is the first step of the entire management process. Planning can be said to have the most important function among other management functions. This is why every education unit must have a clear and detailed work plan to carry out all school activities in order to be more directed. Every activity in the education unit is managed on the basis of the School Work Plan (RKS) which is a detailed description of the Medium-Term Work Plan (RJKM) of the education unit covering a four-year period in accordance with Government Regulation No. 32 of 2013 concerning National Education Standards. Therefore, education units are required to prepare a Medium-Term Work Plan, hereinafter referred to as the School Work Plan, which will describe the objectives to be achieved within four years and the School Budget Activity Plan (RKAS) which is implemented based on the School Work Plan.