Basic Concepts of Educational Foundations

Student Worksheet: 1 Material: Basic Concepts of Educational Foundations 1. Definition of educational theory Answer: It is a set of individual activities aimed at understanding the concepts, principles and theories of education. Education is an applied science of other sciences or disciplines originating from philosophy, psychology, sociology, and the humanities. Educational theory has two views, namely philosophical and teaching. Mudyahardjo (2002) explains that educational theory is a view or series of opinions about education presented in a conceptual system. Education as a system means a certain group that at least has a special relationship reciprocally and has information. Educational theory itself is an attempt to explain how something happens and or is used in the teaching and learning process. Educational theory itself comes from the stage of observation or experimentation through systematic methods of the existing educational process. According to Moore (1974) the term theory refers to an attempt to explain how something happens as it is. In addition, theory is also an attempt to explain something that might happen in the future. This understanding implies that the function of theory is to make predictions. Theory is also interpreted as the opposite of practice. Moore (1974) added that the essence of theory is basically an explanation of something. From this understanding, the role of theory is as an explanation of a number of assumptions, something that happens, has happened, and will happen. When connected to education, educational theory is a set of rational, systematic explanations discussing important aspects of education as a system. Mudyahardjo (2002) explains that educational theory is a view or series of opinions about education presented in a conceptual system. Education as a system means a certain group that at least has a special relationship reciprocally and has information. In his study, Hirst (1966) stated that educational theory is "It is the theory in principles, stating what ought to be done in a range of practical activities ... educational theory as hierarchically situated between practice and more general theory of knowledge from variety of forms". The meaning of the word practice in this sense is a single entity, an ideal thing, about "what should be", rather than a display of what is. In other words, educational theory is a view or series of opinions related to education presented in a conceptual system. 2. Definition of Educational Practice The answer: It is a set of joint activities that aim to help other parties experience the expected behavioral changes. Educational practice can also be interpreted as an activity of a person or group of people or institutions in helping individuals or groups of people to achieve educational goals. Educational practice is an activity of implementing concepts, principles, or theories by educators with students in interactions that take place in an atmosphere of mutual influence or positive and constructive interaction as long as the goal is to change students into expected or mature humans. Based on Law No. 20 of 2003, it is stated that: Education is a conscious and planned effort to create a learning atmosphere and learning process so that students actively develop their potential to have spiritual religious strength, self-control, personality, intelligence, noble morals, and the skills needed by themselves, society, nation and state. 3. Relationship between Educational Theory and Practice The answer: Educational studies and educational practices are two closely related things, practice without study is impossible and vice versa. Education is basically a human effort to increase knowledge, both from formal and informal institutions. The purpose of education will determine the success in the process of forming a human personality. Previously, the definition of educational theory itself was generally something that has an influence on the formation of a person's physical, intellectual and morals from birth to death. Specifically, educational theory itself can be understood as all media that are used to develop a child's physical, intellectual and moral development. While educational practice itself is defined as the activities of a person or group of people or institutions in helping individuals or groups of people to achieve educational goals. While educational practice itself is the activity of a person or group of people or institutions in helping individuals or groups of people to achieve educational goals. So it can be concluded that between educational theory and practice itself there is a relationship or connection in the form of implementation of educational theories in educational practice can be seen from the teaching and learning process that occurs in the classroom. Which of the basic theories can produce educated students with the learning process carried out during the teaching and learning process or outside the classroom. 4. Example of Conceptual Foundation The answer: Conceptual Foundation is the Main Framework in a Research. Making a correct conceptual framework is very important because a conceptual foundation will reflect an overall research. Conceptual foundation can also be interpreted as a conceptual foundation identical to an assumption, namely an idea, belief, principle, opinion or statement that is considered true, which is used as a starting point in the framework of thinking (conducting a study) and/or in the framework of acting or carrying out a practice. An example of the implementation of the conceptual foundation itself is teaching, educating, and learning. Teaching is an act carried out by an educator (teacher) to students so that a learning process occurs. While educating is the use of the teaching process as a means to achieve maximum results in achieving educational goals. Learning itself can be understood as a process or effort to seek, obtain and learn knowledge. 5. Types of Educational Foundations. The answer: there are several educational foundations in Indonesia which will be explained point by point as follows: 1) Legal basis of education: The legal basis or legal basis of education is a set of assumptions derived from applicable laws and regulations as a starting point in the management, implementation and activities of education in a national education system. The legal basis related to education in Indonesia itself includes: • The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia • Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System • Government Regulation No. 27 of 1990 concerning "Preschool Education", Government Regulation No. 28 of 1990 concerning "Basic Education". • Government Regulation No. 29 concerning "Secondary Education", • Government Regulation No. 30 and No. 31 of 1999 concerning "Higher Education" • Government Regulation No. 73 of 1991 concerning Non-Formal Education 2) Philosophical basis of education: Philosophical basis/philosophy of education is a basis related to the meaning or essence of education, which seeks to examine the main problems in education, such as what education is, why education is needed, and what should be the goal of education. Talking about the philosophical basis of education also means concerning the philosophical goal of an educational practice as a science. Therefore, the study that can be done to understand the philosophical basis of education is by using the philosophy of science approach which includes three fields of study, namely: • Ontologies • Epistemology • Axiology 3) Religious foundation of education: Development of sciences that strengthen the religiosity, beliefs, or faith of students so that the target of education to build faithful and pious people and also have noble personalities can be achieved optimally. Development of sciences that strengthen the religiosity, beliefs, or faith of students so that the target of education to build faithful and pious people and also have noble personalities can be achieved optimally. 4) Scientific foundation of education: are assumptions that come from various branches of science that become the starting point in the context of educational practice and/or educational studies.