Basic Concept Of Educational Basis

BASIC CONCEPT OF EDUCATIONAL BASIS A. Introduction In educational involvement there are two inseparable relationships betweeneducational studies and educational practices. Educational studies are a set of individual activities aimed at understanding a principle, concept or theory of education, while educational practice is a set of joint activities aimed at helping others to experience the expected behavioral changes (Redja Mudyaharjo, 1989). On the other hand, additional explanation is needed regarding the purpose of educational studies, not only to obtain an understanding of concepts, principles or theories that are explicit but can also be in an implicit form, this is in line with development research (Developmental Research), the purpose of which is to produce better products. Educational practice is an activity to implement educational concepts, principles or theories between educators and students, which takes place in an atmosphere of mutual influence or positive and constructive interaction as long as the goal is to change students into expected or mature humans. Educational studies and educational practices are two things that are closely related, practice without study is impossible to take place, likewise study without practice is like an empty thing that is useless. M. I. Soelaeman (1983) stated that practice without theory has no clear direction. Based on this, the concept, principle or theory of education needed in educational practice is the foundation for the ongoing educational process, thus a solid and directed foundation is the foothold in an educational activity. Dobbi DePorter, et al (2001) stated that a solid foundation provides strong confidence in ability. B. Understanding the Foundation of Education Revealing the understanding of the foundation of education can be related to the definition. Redja Mudyaharjo (2001) stated that the way of defining in terms of its form is divided into two types: (1) connotative definition, namely a definition that states explicitly the contents of the understanding contained in the term or concept being defined. Connotative definition consists of lexical or dictionary definition and stipular definition or definition that mentions the requirements that become meaning, and (2) denotative definition is a definition that explicitly states the broad meaning of the term being defined. The definition of foundation described by Merriam-Webster's Cea Dictionary (Merriam-Webster Incorporated, 2000), that the genus of foundation can be said to be Principle, which in Indonesian is synonymous with principle. The definition of principle includes the following: 1) A general or fundamental truth; a comprehensive and fundamental law or doctrine or assumption that is the basis of other principles or which is the source of other principles or other principles are derivatives; for example in words, elementary propositions "principles of physics" 2) Commitment to what is good and valuable especially as a character trait. 3) Something that is the origin or source of something. In the Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language (1995), the word platform means base and support. The word platform is related to physical, such as an airplane runway, while the word platform is related to law, principles, concepts, theories such as the 1945 Constitution, etc. Based on the definition of the platform from the two dictionaries, it can be classified that the platform consists of: 1) A physical platform, namely a platform that refers to a physical form. 2) A conceptual platform, namely a platform that refers to a concept, principle, theory or its contribution to a theory or other science or a practice, such as the philosophical basis of education, etc. A conceptual platform is similar in nature to an assumption, namely a term that includes all kinds of positions that can be used to start thinking towards solving a problem, usually considered true and self-evident. (Soegarda Poerbakawatja and Harahap, 1982). On the other hand, axiom as one part of assumption reveals that in an old sense it applies to a principle that is not open to debate because of self-evidence, usually on this principle a structure of reasoning is established or can be established; in more current usage it implies a principle that is universally accepted or considered as something worth accepting rather than as a truth for example in the words, "one of the axioms of US business is that efficiency is increased through specialization" (Merriem-Webster Incorporated, 2000). Meanwhile, Redja Mudyahardjo (1995) said that assumption is an idea, belief, principle, opinion or statement that is considered true, which is used as a starting point in the framework of thinking and/or in the framework of acting. Thus, assumptions provide direction for argumentation. Based on this expression, a picture is obtained of what are the assumptions of the foundation of education, both in educational studies and educational practices. In educational studies, it leads to the selection of educational concepts, principles or theories that are used as the basis for education. Along with this, the concepts, principles or theories that are used as the content of the educational foundation material are guided by the MKDP curriculum and syllabus for the educational foundation course which consists of: Humans and Education, Definition of Education, Education as Science and Art, Philosophical Foundations of Education, Psychological Foundations of Education, Sociological and Anthropological Foundations of Education, Historical Foundations of Education, and Legal Foundations of Education. The content of the material is a unity in implementing it in educational practice. Based on this description, the understanding of the educational foundation lexically or dictionary is the basis or starting point for concepts, principles, or theories that are used as educational discussions, while the understanding of the educational foundation stipulatively is a concept, principle, or theory as stated in the MKDP curriculum or syllabus for the educational foundation course as a unity in the discussion of the educational foundation course. C. Types of Educational Foundations As stated in the curriculum and syllabus of the MKDP for the 2007 educational foundation course, the types of educational foundation studies in this discussion revolve around the assumptions, concepts, principles, and theories contained in the curriculum and syllabus. The description is as follows: 1. Humans and Education Human children are born helpless, not equipped with perfect instincts, the adjustment period for learning takes quite a long time, their abilities are still limited, therefore human children need help, protection and care. On the other hand, humans as a society need group culture, need socio-cultural heritage, need civilized life, need education. Thus, what is the nature of humans in relation to education, humans as creatures who must/need to be educated and educate, humans as creatures who can be educated and educate, and education as humanization. 2. Definition of Education Formulating an adequate definition is indeed complex, because it can be viewed from various forms, aspects, elements, viewed from each discipline, its philosophical basis but it is not worrying, the most important thing is the meaning of the definition of education which is aimed at efforts to develop human resources. We as the Indonesian nation who are in a certain period of government that is in power are more focused and inclined to the provisions mandated by the National Education System Law No. 20 of 2003 because we want or not to implement it in the life of the nation and state. However, formulating the definition of education viewed from various angles is a vehicle for interpreting education in a more comprehensive and richer manner. In line with this, the definition of education is classified as follows: definition of education based on scope, definition of education based on a scientific approach, and definition of education based on a systems approach. 3. Education as Science and Art In learning, it is known as Teaching of Science and Teaching of Art, teaching as science means that educators are expected to master the content of learning materials adequately, and teaching as art means that educators are skilled in how to convey the content of learning materials so that students quickly and accurately master the learning materials. This description is only one part of education. Education as science is directed at how to carry out educational studies and practices on educational science in this discussion, the importance of the status of educational science, the concept of knowledge and science, characteristics and criteria of science, education as science is revealed. While education as art is directed at how to apply the results of educational studies in educational practices, this discussion reveals about educating as art and technique, and studying the art of education and educational techniques. 4. Philosophical Basis of Education Philosophy of education is the application of philosophical methods in solving educational problems. The solution depends on which school of thought is revealed with the typical characteristics of each school of philosophy in studying education. As an Indonesian nation, the philosophical basis of Pancasila is the main source in the implementation of education, however, the diversity of general philosophical schools is an inseparable part in studying education more comprehensively and richer in understanding education. 5. Psychological Basis of Education Educational psychology is the application of psychological methods in solving educational problems, so the source of assumptions for education is the psychological method of each characteristic of psychological schools. There are various schools of psychology that are the basis for implementing education, in this discussion the theories of cognitive psychology, behavioristic psychology, and humanistic psychology are expressed in their discussion of education. Likewise, psychology presents the main tasks of development and efforts in the educational process. 6. Sociological and Anthropological Foundations of Education Anthropology, especially social anthropology, is somewhat difficult to distinguish from sociology. In some universities and scientific institutions, anthropology and sociology are two specializations that are often combined in one section (Soerjono Soekanto, 1978). Sociology of education is the application of sociological methods in solving educational problems, likewise educational anthropology is the application of anthropological methods in solving educational problems. Thus, the sociological assumptions on education are related to the sociological method in studying the symptoms of social relations or the relationship and reciprocal influence between various social symptoms, while the anthropological assumptions on education are related to physical anthropology and socio-cultural anthropology. Physical anthropology is related to human life as a biological organism. while socio-cultural anthropology is related to human life as a socio-cultural organism. The two disciplines that are connected in this discussion reveal the understanding, characteristics, classification and description of the values of cultural heritage from one generation to the next, education as a social institution and social patterns of education. 7. Historical Basis of Education The history of education is a systematic, continuous description of everything related to education in the past until now, which becomes the historical assumptions in relation to education will depend on when the disclosure of the history of education began. The description of the history of education in this discussion starts from education in the Hindu/Buddhist era, education in the Islamic era, education during the foreign occupation era, education at the beginning of independence, education in the liberal democracy era, education in the development of the new order. 8. Legal Basis of Education The word legal is related to law, so the assumptions in education are the sources of law that are used as a basis for implementing education. The legal basis of education in this discussion comes from the 1945 Constitution which has been amended, Law on the National Education System Number 20 of 2003, Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 19 of 2005, Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 14 of 2005 Concerning Teachers and Lecturers. D. Function of Educational Foundation The meaning of function is related to benefits, so the benefits of educational foundations are as a starting point or foothold for concepts, principles, theories in educational studies and practices. Therefore, as prospective educators, it is necessary to know and understand the educational foundations that are directed in implementing education. Directed in the sense of referring to the provisions, in this case the curriculum and syllabus of the MKDP educational foundation course that has been compiled and reviewed jointly by the MKDP Educational Foundation Sub-Coordinator Lecturer Team. There are various benefits for prospective educators to study the foundations of education, including: 1) Knowing various concepts, principles, and theories of education in implementing educational practices, thus prospective educators explore theoretical educational views. 2) Having a critical understanding of educational theory views so that they can sort and determine educational theories that can be developed in the implementation of education. 3) Directly or indirectly contributing to the mindset and work patterns of prospective educators in an integrated manner about how they should carry out educational studies and practices. 4) Being able to believe more and appreciate the concepts, principles, and theories of education that they have studied in the implementation of education. Believing in the sense of self-determination, self-determination in carrying out educational studies, experiencing in the sense of feelings of the soul about the importance of belief in understanding educational theory in supporting the implementation of education.