Concept of Education and National Education Standards

Concept of Education and National Education Standards A. Concept of education Education can be viewed from various specific perspectives that can provide different meanings, but have the same ultimate goal, namely improving the quality of human resources. In the National Education System Law No. 20 of 2003, it is stated that education is a conscious and planned effort to create a learning atmosphere and learning process so that students actively develop their potential to have spiritual strength, religion, self-control, personality, intelligence, noble morals, and skills needed by themselves, society, nation, and state. In the Big Indonesian Dictionary, it is explained that education is the process of changing the attitudes and behavior of a person or group of people in an effort to mature humans through the process of teaching and training: the process, method, act of educating. In addition, several experts have also expressed their views on the concept of education. Among them, Soegarda Poerbakawatja (1982) stated that the meaning of education can be interpreted broadly and narrowly. Broadly speaking, education includes all actions and proposals from the older generation to transfer their knowledge, experience, and skills (people also call this "transferring" culture or culturoverdracht) to the younger generation as an effort to prepare them to fulfill their life functions both physically and spiritually. In a narrow sense, education is the same as teaching, however, in the education process, teaching will also be included as one form of educational activity. (Landasan Pendidikan, 2017:26). From this explanation, it can be concluded that education is the process of changing a person towards maturity through learning activities. In terms of components, education consists of: a) Curriculum; The curriculum is a component that relates to the objectives and reference materials for interaction, both explicit and implicit b) Learning; Learning is a component that relates to the process of implementing interaction from the perspective of students c) Educating and teaching; Educating and teaching are components that relate to the process of implementing interaction from the perspective of educators d) Educational environment; Educational environment is concerned with the situation that exists when the teaching and learning interaction is taking place e) Educational evaluation; Educational evaluation is concerned with the principles, mentality, techniques, and procedures of using methods or things done in achieving educational goals. B. National Education Standards Based on Law Number 20 of 2003 (in Poerwanti, E. & Suwandayani, I. B., 2020:7), national education aims to develop the potential of students to become human beings who believe in and fear God Almighty, have noble character, are healthy, knowledgeable, capable, creative, independent, and become democratic and responsible citizens. To realize the goals of national education, National Education Standards (SNP) are needed. National Education Standards are guidelines in the planning, implementation, and supervision of education in order to realize quality education. The benchmark for achieving the effectiveness of education implementation is regulated in 8 National Education Standards that have been set by the National Education Standards Agency (BNSP). The 8 National Education Standards are as follows: a) Content Standards Content standards are the scope of material and minimum competency levels as outlined in the criteria for graduate competencies, study material competencies, subject competencies, and learning syllabuses that must be met by students at certain levels and types of education. Content standards contain the basic framework and structure of the curriculum, learning load, curriculum at the educational unit level, and educational calendar (Poerwanti, E. & Suwandayani, I. B., 2020:9). b) Process Standards Basically, process standards are related to standards in implementing learning in an education to achieve graduate competency standards. The implementation of the learning process in educational units should be carried out interactively and inspiringly, so that it can motivate students to actively participate in learning activities. In order for the learning process to be carried out effectively and efficiently, each educational unit needs to carry out careful and structured planning in a series of implementation of learning activities, starting from planning the learning process, implementing the learning process, assessing learning outcomes, and supervising the learning process. c) Education Assessment Standards Education assessment standards are national education standards related to the mechanisms, procedures, and instruments for assessing student learning outcomes. To ensure and control the quality of education in accordance with the National Education Standards (SNP), evaluation, accreditation, and certification are carried out at educational units. d) Graduate Competency Standards Graduate competency standards are qualifications of graduate abilities that include attitudes, knowledge, and skills. Graduate competency standards include minimum graduate competency standards for elementary and secondary education units, minimum graduate competency standards for subject groups, and minimum graduate competency standards for subjects. Graduate competency standards include: • SKL for Education Units & Subject Groups. • SKL for Elementary School-Islamic Elementary School Subjects. • SKL for Middle School-Islamic Junior High School Subjects. • SKL for High School-Islamic Senior High School Subjects. • SKL for Special Education for ABDE Subjects. • SKL for Vocational High School-Islamic Vocational High School Subjects. e) Educator and Education Personnel Standards Educator and education personnel standards are criteria for pre-service education and physical and mental eligibility, as well as in-service education. Based on these standards, educators must have academic qualifications and competencies as learning agents, be physically and mentally healthy, and have the ability to realize national education goals. Educators also need to fulfill four competencies, as follows: • Pedagogical Competence. • Personality Competence. • Professional Competence. • Social Competence. f) Management Standards Management standards are national education standards related to the planning, implementation, and supervision of education activities at the education unit, district/city, provincial, or national levels in order to achieve efficiency and effectiveness in the implementation of education. Management standards consist of: • Management Standards by Education Units. • Management Standards by Regional Governments. • Management Standards by the Government. g) Education Financing Standards Education financing standards are standards that regulate the components and amount of operating costs of education units that apply for one year. Education financing itself consists of: • Investment costs of educational units, which include the cost of providing facilities and infrastructure, human resource development, and fixed working capital. • Personal costs, or educational costs that must be incurred by students to be able to follow the learning process regularly and continuously. • Operating costs of educational units, including salaries of educators and education personnel, educational materials or equipment, consumables, and indirect educational operating costs, in the form of water, telecommunications services, maintenance of facilities and infrastructure, and others. h) Facilities and Infrastructure Standards Facilities and infrastructure standards are national education standards related to minimum standards or criteria related to study rooms, sports venues, places of worship, libraries, laboratories, and other learning resources needed to support the learning process. C. Standard Implementers To monitor and evaluate the implementation of National Education Standards (SNP), the National Education Standards Agency or abbreviated as BSNP was formed. Based on Government Regulation Number 19 of 2005 Article 73 Paragraph 1 (in Hidayat, W. I., 2020), in order to develop, monitor, and report on the achievement of national education standards, the National Education Standards Agency (BSNP) was formed. BSNP is domiciled in the capital city of the Republic of Indonesia which is under and responsible to the minister. BSNP members themselves consist of experts in various fields, such as psychometrics, education evaluation, curriculum, and education management who have insight, experience and commitment to improving the quality of education. According to Government Regulation Number 19 of 2005 Article 76 Paragraph 3, in carrying out its duties, BSNP has the authority to: a) Develop National Education Standards b) Organize National Examinations. c) Provide recommendations to the government and regional governments in guaranteeing and controlling the quality of education. d) Formulate graduation criteria from educational units at elementary and secondary levels