Student Guidance And Development

STUDENT GUIDANCE AND DEVELOPMENT In student management, coaching and development of students is carried out. This student guidance and development is carried out so that children get various learning experiences for future provisions. A. Definition of Student Guidance According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (Lukman Ali: 2005), "guidance is a process, method, act of fostering, renewal, improvement, and efforts, actions and activities carried out effectively and efficiently to obtain better results". Furthermore, according to Ach. Suudy (2010), student guidance is a very important part of the implementation of education. The purpose of student guidance activities is to ensure that students can grow and develop as complete Indonesian people in accordance with national education goals. From these two opinions, it can be concluded that guidance is a process, method, act of fostering students so that they can grow and develop in accordance with national goals. B. Student Development Material In the Regulation of the Minister of National Education (Permendiknas) of the Republic of Indonesia Number 39 of 2008 concerning Student Development, chapter I, article 3 paragraph 2, it is explained that the material for student development includes: a) Faith and devotion to God Almighty b) Noble character or noble morals c) Superior personality, national insight, and national defense d) Academic, artistic, and/or sports achievements according to talents and interests e) Democracy, human rights, political education, the environment, sensitivity and social tolerance in the context of a plural society f) Creativity, skills, and entrepreneurship g) Physical quality, health, and nutrition based on verified nutritional sources h) Literature and culture i) Information and communication technology j) Communication in English C. Functions and Objectives of Student Development Student development is development provided for all students at elementary, middle, and high levels, where the function of student development in general with the function and objectives of National Education, as stated in Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System, Chapter II Article 3. In the Regulation of the Minister of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia Number 39 of 2008 concerning Student Development, Article 1, it is explained that the objectives of development for students are: a) Developing student potential optimally and in an integrated manner which includes talents, interests, and creativity. b) Strengthening student personality to realize school resilience as an educational environment so that it is free from negative efforts and influences and is contrary to educational goals. c) Actualizing student potential in achieving superior achievements according to talents and interests. d) Preparing students to become citizens who are noble, democratic, respect human rights in order to realize a civil society. D. Definition of Student Development The definition of student development according to Chaplin (2002) is seen as; a) Continuous and progressive changes in organisms, from birth to death; b) Growth; c) Changes in form and in the integration of physical parts into functional parts; d) Maturity or the emergence of basic patterns of unlearned behavior. According to F.J. Monks, et al. (2001) development is a process towards something more perfect and cannot be repeated. Changes that are permanent and cannot be reversed. Also interpreted as an eternal and permanent process towards an organization at a higher level of integration based on growth, maturation and learning. E. Factors Affecting Development There are several factors that affect the development of students, namely: a) Factors from within the individual which include: Talent or disposition; Hereditary traits; Motivation and instinct. b) Factors from outside the individual which include: Food; Climate; Culture; Economy; Child's position in the family environment c) General factors which include: Intelligence; Gender; Health; Race. F. Division of Development Phases 1) Development phases based on biological characteristics, according to experts: a. Aristotle • Childhood or play phase (0-7) years, • School child phase or learning period (7-14) years, • Adolescence/puberty phase (14-21) years b. Sigmud Freud • Infantile phase (0-5) years - Oral phase; 0-1 year - Anal phase; 1 – 3 years - Phallic phase; 3 – 5 years • Latent phase (5 – 12) years • Puberty phase (12 – 18) years • Genetic phase (18 – 20) years c. Marta Montessori • Period I, age 0 – 7 years • Period II, age 7 – 12 years • Period III, age 12 – 18 years • Period IV, age 18 – above d. Elisabeth B. Hurlock • Prenatal phase (before birth) • Infancy phase (baby) • Babyhood phase • Childhood phase • Adolescence phase 2) Developmental periodization based on didactive concept (Johann Amos Comenius) • Mother school; 0 – 6 years, • Mother tongue school; 6 – 12 years, • Latin school; 12 – 18 years, • College and travel school; 18 – 24 years 3) Developmental periodization based on psychological characteristics a. Oswald Kroch: • Early childhood phase; 0 – 3 years, • School harmony phase; 3 – 13 years, • Maturity phase; 13 – 21 years b. Kohnstamm: • Vital period; 0 – 1.5 years • Aesthetic period; 1.5 – 7 years • Intellectual period; 7 – 14 years • Social period; 14 – 21 years • Mature period; 21 years and above 4) Developmental periodization based on the concept of developmental tasks (Robert J. Havighurst) • Infancy and early childhood; 0 – 6 years, • Middle childhood; 6 – 12 years, • adolescence; 12 – 18 years, • Early adulthood; 18 – 30 years, • Middle age; 30 – 50 years, • Latter maturity; 50 years and above.