Urban Issues and Challenges - HIC London 4

Important (globally) Along with New York, London is one of the most important financial centres in the world. London is home to 15 head offices of the 250 largest companies in the world. (Uber, Microsoft, BP, Astrazeneca). The UK is home to 166 universities, including some of the world’s top universities, Oxford, Cambridge, UCL. London is a national and international centre for media, education, legal facilities, medical facilities, cultural entertainment and tourism. Importance Importance (within the UK): - UK’s capital, the largest and wealthiest city in the UK - Londoners earn 23% more than the UK average - London generates 22% of the UK’s GDP - London is a transport hub Culture mix (refers to a country or a place that has more than one culture living together in close proximity) social and economic: cultural mix, recreation and entertainment, employment, integrated transport systems Recreation & entertainment Employment How urban change has created opportunities: Integrated Transport Systems Urban Greening (to increase the amount and proportion of green spaces within the city) Urbanisations - the growth of the proportion of a country's population living in urban areas. environmental: urban greening HICSs have very slow rates of urbanisation currently. This is because in richer parts of the world, urbanisation happened in the past and most of the population now already live in urban areas. Urban deprivation Housing Education Social and economic: urban deprivation, inequalities in housing, education, health and employment Inequality in housing, education, health and employment Health General Employment Cultural Mix Urban Decline LICs are less economically developed, e.g. Ethiopica. Not many of the population in these countries live in urban areas, however people are starting to move away from jobs in farming (rural areas) to urban areas. Therefore experiencing rapid urban growth. dereliction NEEs are those where economic development is increasing rapidly, e.g. Nigeria, they are experiencing rapid urban growth. Growth of commuter settlements and the impact of urban scrawl on the rural-urban fringe. Building on brownfield and greenfield sites: Located in the South-East of England environmental: dereliction, building on brownfield and greenfield sites, waste disposal London suffers from air pollution (some of the worse in the EU) due it’s size and the dense road network. Located on the river thames How urban change has created challenges: Location most densely populated area in the UK Waste disposal and air pollution: London is working hard to try and protect people and clean up the air by; capital city of england 8.92 people in London Waste Section A : Urban Issues and Challenges - HIC London Growth of commuter settlements and the impact of urban scrawl on the rural-urban fringe. Building on brownfield and greenfield sites: London is England's capital city London's population makes up 12.5% of the UK's whole population. But just 0.6 of the land Background London suffers from air pollution (some of the worse in the EU) due it’s size and the dense road network. the impact of urban sprawl on the rural–urban fringe, and the growth of commuter settlements. England has a population of 60 million, London makes up 9 million of the population Waste disposal and air pollution: London is working hard to try and protect people and clean up the air by; London is one of the most visited cities in the world, 800,000 people commute into London everyday Built by the Romans 2000 years ago. Waste In the 18th century new docklands were built and London grew even more as a centre of trade and commerce. reasons why the area needed regeneration the main features of the project. Economic Social Advantages of the Stratford Regeneration project An example of an urban regeneration project to show: Environmental social problem: many locals were pushed out of the area due to higher rental/housing costs ( due to area being nicer, higher demand) Disadvantages General general info 1. transport 2. Green Open Spaces (environmental) why is it sustainable? 4. Affordable housing (economic) Sustainable Urban Living 6. Public services (essential to community) EXAMPLE of Sustainable Urban Living in Stratford Olympic park : East Village social economic benefits of living in the east village environmental Although East Village is a high-density urban area, 37 per cent of the land is green open space. 10 of the 27 hectares that make up East Village is green space, including: WHAT GREEN SPACES HAVE BEEN CREATED IN EAST VILLAGE? WASTE RECYCLING HOW EFFICIENT IS EAST VILLAGE? End of the 20th century ; London's role as a port declined, but still remains a transport hub, e.g. road and rail networks focused around London. Impacts of national and international migration on the growth and character of the city: Additional Challenges in the Urban Environment 5. Shops and services This attracted more people and subsequently there was more population growth. Additionally, 2 of the UK’s busiest airports (Heathrow and Gatwick) are located near london, this has maintained its importance as a tourist destination. How urban transport strategies are used to reduce traffic congestion? 3. Sustainable nature of housing (environmental) Growth Section A : Urban Issues and Challenges - HIC London 1. General 1.1. Urbanisations - the growth of the proportion of a country's population living in urban areas. 1.2. HICSs have very slow rates of urbanisation currently. This is because in richer parts of the world, urbanisation happened in the past and most of the population now already live in urban areas. 1.3. LICs are less economically developed, e.g. Ethiopica. Not many of the population in these countries live in urban areas, however people are starting to move away from jobs in farming (rural areas) to urban areas. Therefore experiencing rapid urban growth. 1.4. NEEs are those where economic development is increasing rapidly, e.g. Nigeria, they are experiencing rapid urban growth. 2. Location 2.1. Located in the South-East of England 2.2. Located on the river thames 2.3. most densely populated area in the UK 2.4. capital city of england 2.5. 8.92 people in London 3. Background 3.1. London is England's capital city 3.2. London's population makes up 12.5% of the UK's whole population. But just 0.6 of the land 3.3. London is one of the most visited cities in the world, 800,000 people commute into London everyday 3.4. England has a population of 60 million, London makes up 9 million of the population 4. Growth 4.1. Built by the Romans 2000 years ago. 4.2. In the 18th century new docklands were built and London grew even more as a centre of trade and commerce. 4.3. This attracted more people and subsequently there was more population growth. 4.4. End of the 20th century ; London's role as a port declined, but still remains a transport hub, e.g. road and rail networks focused around London. 4.5. Additionally, 2 of the UK’s busiest airports (Heathrow and Gatwick) are located near london, this has maintained its importance as a tourist destination. 5. Impacts of national and international migration on the growth and character of the city: 6. Sustainable Urban Living 6.1. General 6.1.1. info 6.1.1.1. Urban sustainability is a significant issue both in the UK and globally. 6.1.1.2. Sustainable living : describes a lifestyle that attempts to reduce the use of earth’s natural resources by an individual or society -> this means not damaging the environment for future generations (e.g. reducing the use of fossil fuels). 6.1.1.3. Sustainable cities : a city designed with consideration for social, economic, environmental impact, and resilient habitat for existing populations, without compromising the ability of future generations to experience the same. 6.1.1.4. Sustainable urban living includes : economy, environment and people 6.1.2. ways a city can become more sustainable 6.1.2.1. water conservation 6.1.2.1.1. To be sustainable cities should only take from the environment as much water as they can replace 6.1.2.1.1.1. Water Conservation Schemes reduce the amount of water used. This can be encouraged through: 6.1.2.1.1.1.1. Collect rainwater for the use in gardens or flushing toilets 6.1.2.1.1.1.2. Installing toilets that use less water to flush (dual flushing) 6.1.2.1.1.1.3. Installing water metres so that people have to pay for the water they use 6.1.2.1.1.1.4. Encouraging people to use less water 6.1.2.1.1.2. Challenges of WC: 6.1.2.1.1.2.1. A growth in more wasteful water use e.g. fueling cars + filling hot tubs 6.1.2.1.1.2.2. Water companies are not managing the pipes and therefore approx 130 litres of water per household is wasted each day 6.1.2.2. waste conservation 6.1.2.2.1. Definition: Waste minimisation is a set of processes and practices intended to reduce the amount of waste produced 6.1.2.2.1.1. Increased recycling means that fewer resources are used (e.g. metal cans can be melted down and used to make more cans). This means that less waste is produced, which reduces the amount that goes to landfill. 6.1.2.2.1.1.1. Landfill is unsustainable as eventually there will be nowhere left to store the waste. 6.1.2.2.1.1.2. Decomposing landfill also releases greenhouse gases 6.1.2.2.1.2. Waste conservation Schemes: 6.1.2.2.1.2.1. Collection of household recycling bins -> leads to less landfill 6.1.2.2.1.2.2. Creating recycling facilities for larger items e.g. fridges 6.1.2.2.1.2.3. Websites e.g. Freecycle where items are offered for free so they can be used by others 6.1.2.2.1.3. Challenges of waste conservation: 6.1.2.2.1.3.1. Less than half (43%) of UK waste is recycled as people ignore rules and forget 2 collections 6.1.2.2.1.3.2. Incineration rates have increased to prevent landfills being used, this (incinerations) produces significant amounts of air pollution 6.1.2.3. energy conservation 6.1.2.3.1. Energy conservation – Burning fossil fuels to generate power isn't sustainable because they’ll run out. Burning them also increases the rate of climate change because it produces greenhouse gases. 6.1.2.3.1.1. Energy conservation schemes reduce the use of fossil fuels: 6.1.2.3.1.1.1. Promoting renewable energy sources (wind, solar, tidal etc.) over traditional coal or gas fired power station. 6.1.2.3.1.1.2. Government incentives to make homes more energy efficient e.g. allowing homeowners who generate electricity from renewable sources (solar panels) to sell excess to the national grid. 6.1.2.3.1.1.3. Making sure new homes that are built meet the minimum energy efficiency requirements 6.1.2.3.1.1.4. Encouraging people to use less energy at home e.g. by turning off lights when they’re not needed 6.1.2.3.1.2. Challenges 6.1.2.3.1.2.1. Renewable energies can be expensive, this is increasing electricity costs on the consumer, and slowing down how quickly we change. 6.1.2.3.1.2.2. Wind and solar farms can be inefficient, with one report showing that solar panels produce nothing for 30 weeks of the year. 6.1.2.3.1.2.3. Wind turbines are an eye sore and noisy, this is preventing many being built. 6.1.2.4. conserving natural environments/creating green spaces 6.1.2.4.1. Urban areas can be unsustainable due to them being unpleasant and stressful environments e.g. noise, business and dirt. Creating green spaces/preserving natural environments encourages people to remain in urban areas. 6.1.2.4.1.1. Benefits include: 6.1.2.4.1.1.1. Encourages exercise e.g. running or group sports. 6.1.2.4.1.1.2. Encourage alternative transport e.g. bikes. Therefore making people healthier + less stressed 6.1.2.4.1.1.3. Creates habitats within the urban environment 6.1.2.4.1.1.4. Improves air quality 6.1.2.4.1.1.5. Provides a break and a space away from the noise 6.1.2.4.1.2. Challenges of CNE/CGS: 6.1.2.4.1.2.1. With growing housing prices it is difficult to set additional land aside 6.1.2.4.1.2.2. The London garden bridge was scrapped in 2017 due to cost, this suggests that the environment is lower on the governments concerns 6.2. How urban transport strategies are used to reduce traffic congestion? 6.2.1. Traffic Congestion is a big problem for Urban areas. 6.2.1.1. More people are now commuting to work usually by car, also more businesses are using lorries or vans for deliveries. This means there is more traffic congestion. The problems this causes social, environment and economic problems like: discourages people from visiting and shopping in the city. Traffic causes more traffic Jams, air pollution, congestions cause stress, more accidents, slow emergency services, contribute to climate change 6.2.2. Using Public Transport Reduces Traffic Congestion: 6.2.2.1. This is a strategy to reduce the numbers of cars on the road. London has done this by Docklands Railway, Underground (takes million off the road a year), Self service bieycles are available to hire, Electronic Oyster Cards, and use of contactless allow people to move between all these links without buying a ticket. Many other cities have a park and ride scheme. The congestion charge has improved journey times by 30%. 6.2.3. Traffic Flow can also be managed: 6.2.3.1. Traffic congestion can also be reduced by managing the flow of traffic through the city. For example: Ring roads and pedestrianised shopping streets keep traffic away from the city centre making it safer and less polluted and reduces congestion. Bus Priority Lanes - promote public transport and also stop buses being held up in traffic. Congestion Charging (London) discourage drivers from entering the city centre at peak tires. Car sharine, Promoting flexible working hours, 6.3. Additional Challenges in the Urban Environment 6.3.1. Congestion Charges 6.3.1.1. These can have a negative impact on businesses as less shoppers. 6.3.2. Public Transport 6.3.2.1. Many people aim to avoid public transport as it can be unreliable and does not take you to the exact location - bus use hit its lowest levels in 2016. 6.3.3. Ring roads 6.3.3.1. The M25 is the largest ring road in the UK and goes around London, it actually attracted more people to drive as they thought they would avoid congestion, it is now one of the most congested roads in the country. 6.4. EXAMPLE of Sustainable Urban Living in Stratford Olympic park : East Village 6.4.1. general info 6.4.1.1. one of the most connected parts of london, tube stations + airport 6.4.1.2. community 6.4.1.3. new health and school facilities 6.4.1.4. aiming to be hub of big community, facilities for public within the schools 6.4.1.5. 10 hectors of open space within the village 6.4.1.6. project made around the environment 6.4.1.7. East Village is one of the most sustainable communities in the UK, it is part of the london 2012 Olympic legacy and was converted from the athletes village into new homes after the Olympic games 6.4.2. why is it sustainable? 6.4.2.1. 1. transport 6.4.2.1.1. East village has an integrated transport solution 6.4.2.1.2. Local trains and bus services connect to the London Underground 6.4.2.1.3. Stratfords international station, provides access to London and Europe 6.4.2.2. 2. Green Open Spaces (environmental) 6.4.2.2.1. 25 acres of parkland created in East village 6.4.2.2.2. Containing 100s of newly planted trees and habitats for wildlife (good for biodiversity) 6.4.2.3. 3. Sustainable nature of housing (environmental) 6.4.2.3.1. Modern, high density apartments: Constructed to a high standard of energy efficiency, and high insulation efficiency —>leading to apartments losing less heat 6.4.2.3.2. Green roofs: a living, green roof - a roof of a building which is partially/completely covered in vegetation, they also create a waterproof membrane (surface run-off therefore is slower) , provide habitats for wildlife 6.4.2.4. 4. Affordable housing (economic) 6.4.2.4.1. Half of the homes in the East Village are affordable housing (lower rents) 6.4.2.5. 5. Shops and services 6.4.2.5.1. There are 35 independent shops, bars and cafes serving the local community, keeps money in the local area, and people are less likely to travel to shop 6.4.2.5.2. Less travel = less congestion + pollution 6.4.2.6. 6. Public services (essential to community) 6.4.2.6.1. Large health centre created 6.4.2.6.2. School for 2000 3-18s created 6.4.3. benefits of living in the east village 6.4.3.1. social 6.4.3.1.1. More than 10,000 new homes will have been built by 2030 6.4.3.2. economic 6.4.3.2.1. New jobs in tourism and construction have created the multiplier effect 6.4.3.2.2. By 2030 over 20,000 jobs are predicted to be created, bringing £5 billion pounds into the are 6.4.3.2.3. The westfield shopping centre in Stratford, has created 10,000 permanent new jobs including 2,000 from previously unemployed local people. 6.4.3.3. environmental 6.4.3.3.1. Public transport, + walking and cycling routes 6.4.3.3.2. Water + energy efficient designed houses 6.4.3.3.3. Protection of green spaces + natural habitats 6.4.3.3.4. 300,000 new plants have been planted in the Wetland area of the park 6.4.3.3.5. London Olympic Athletes Village (now east village) , is the largest sustainable home project in the Uk 6.4.3.3.6. Before construction, the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA, 2015) excavated and cleaned more than 2.3 million cubic metres of contaminated soil. 6.4.4. WHAT GREEN SPACES HAVE BEEN CREATED IN EAST VILLAGE? 6.4.4.1. Although East Village is a high-density urban area, 37 per cent of the land is green open space. 10 of the 27 hectares that make up East Village is green space, including: 6.4.4.1.1. a wetland area that recycles rainwater, which is used for flushing toilets and water plants; 6.4.4.1.2. a large green park containing a children’s play area; 6.4.4.1.3. green roofs; 6.4.4.1.4. each apartment block having a shared, private green space; and 6.4.4.1.5. fruit trees in an orchard in the children’s play area. 6.4.5. WASTE RECYCLING 6.4.5.1. 99% of parkland waste is recycled instead of being sent to landfill. 6.4.5.2. Households are also encouraged to recycle with fortnightly collections of cardboard, paper, plastic bottles, tins and cans. 6.4.5.3. Recycling is taken to a sorting facility at Jenkins Lane Reuse and Recycling Centre, where materials are separated. The sorted materials are made into bales and sent off to be recycled into new products. 6.4.6. HOW EFFICIENT IS EAST VILLAGE? 6.4.6.1. Compared to other urban areas, East Village uses much less water and energy. 6.4.6.2. Water use in East Village is 50 percent less than typical in urban areas. This has been achieved through recycling water naturally and using reed beds in wetland areas. Rainwater is filtered naturally before being recycled and used for irrigating plants and flushing toilets. Fresh drinking water is on a separate system. 6.4.6.3. East Village uses 30 per cent less energy than an average urban area. This is because of combined heat and power (CHP). CHP involves generating electricity and heat from the same energy source, in this case, burning biomass. Water is heated to create steam that drives a turbine to generate electricity. The hot water produced in this process is pumped around the nearby apartments and is used to heat them. 7. Importance 7.1. Important (globally) Along with New York, London is one of the most important financial centres in the world. London is home to 15 head offices of the 250 largest companies in the world. (Uber, Microsoft, BP, Astrazeneca). The UK is home to 166 universities, including some of the world’s top universities, Oxford, Cambridge, UCL. London is a national and international centre for media, education, legal facilities, medical facilities, cultural entertainment and tourism. 7.2. Importance (within the UK): - UK’s capital, the largest and wealthiest city in the UK - Londoners earn 23% more than the UK average - London generates 22% of the UK’s GDP - London is a transport hub 8. How urban change has created challenges: 8.1. Social and economic: urban deprivation, inequalities in housing, education, health and employment 8.1.1. Urban deprivation 8.1.1.1. Also known as social deprivation. 8.1.1.2. Definition : social/urban deprivation = the degree to which a person lacks things that are essential to a decent quality of life e.g. work, money, housing, services and health 8.1.1.3. It is particularly hard for the poorest cohort of society to have a good standard of living due to rising costs of services e.g. rent. 8.1.1.4. Areas e.g. Newham - have some of the lowest life expectancies, highest unemployment, lowest number of students attaining gcses and lowest household incomes. 8.1.2. Inequality in housing, education, health and employment 8.1.2.1. Housing 8.1.2.1.1. Billionaires live in very close proximity (often 0.5 miles) from people who survive on less than a living wage. Those who live in poor quality, rented accommodation, are living in close proximity to some of the most expensive houses in the world. 8.1.2.1.2. Incomes in London are more unequal than in any other region in the UK. 8.1.2.1.3. Social deprivation is a major problem in london, with over 2 million people living in poverty (1 in 4) 8.1.2.1.4. House prices and rents are higher in london than in any other part of the country 8.1.2.1.5. More people in London rent than own their own home and those that rent pay more than half their weekly pay in rent. 8.1.2.2. Education 8.1.2.2.1. Students across london do not receive equal exam results (just because you are in london does not = A star) 8.1.2.2.2. However, some of london’s poorest boroughs have some of the fastest improving schools in the country 8.1.2.2.3. Generally, the schools in the poorest areas score the lowest number of GCSE points per pupil 8.1.2.3. Health 8.1.2.3.1. The people in wealthy areas tend to live longer than those in the poorer areas of london 8.1.2.3.2. 2011 census showed that the % of people reporting themselves as ‘not in good health’ was also the highest in the areas of lowest income 8.1.2.4. Employment 8.1.2.4.1. Despite the huge wealth found in London unemployment remains a major issue 8.1.2.4.2. The unemployment rate was 10.0 percent compared with 8.4 per cent for the UK 8.1.3. Cultural Mix 8.1.3.1. 1 significant issue in London is integration (how well people mix). 8.1.3.2. As many people in London can’t speak English, they have limited access to all the advantages of being in the UK. Language issues affect the ability to use public services e.g. schools and hospitals as they have to provide language translation services which are expensive for the borough. 8.1.3.3. Another issue is cultural segregation within poor communities. This leads to economically poorer cultural groups living in the poorest parts of our cities, this can often lead to gangs or crime increase in this area. 8.2. environmental: dereliction, building on brownfield and greenfield sites, waste disposal 8.2.1. Urban Decline 8.2.1.1. the deterioration of the inner city often caused by lack of investment and maintenance. 8.2.1.2. It is often but not exclusively accompanied by a decline in population numbers, decreasing economic performance and unemployment. 8.2.2. dereliction 8.2.2.1. There is a sizable supply of brownfield land in London, which to date remains untapped. 8.2.2.2. 250 hectares of brownfield sites. 8.2.2.3. The Olympic Park is a good example of how derelict land can be brought back into use. 8.2.3. Growth of commuter settlements and the impact of urban scrawl on the rural-urban fringe. 8.2.3.1. Growth of commuter settlements and the impact of urban sprawl on the rural–urban fringe: 8.2.3.2. The edges of cities are known as the rural urban fringe. 8.2.3.2.1. There has been increasing building in these areas because of housing pressure, despite Greenbelt legislation (laws) that are supposed to prevent building there. 8.2.3.2.2. The growth outwards of our cities into these regions is known as URBAN SPRAWL and can have many impacts on these areas; 8.2.3.2.3. like increased traffic, health issues due to stress, extra cost to tax payer (pay for new roads etc), loss of rural land. 8.2.4. Building on brownfield and greenfield sites: 8.2.4.1. Metting the demand for housing is a problem for the UK. The UK is a growing population, to make matters worse the population is not distributed evenly. 8.2.4.2. There is a huge housing shortage in the South East, which is causing high property prices and rental costs. 8.2.4.3. We can build new houses on Greenfield and Brownfield sites. 8.2.4.4. Brownfield Sites are: - well connected to the CBD (Central business district), they are also connected to road and power networks. - cleans up dirty unused land, - Expensive to redevelop, noise and air pollution to people who live nearby. - London has built up to 50,000 new homes on 20 brownfield sites 8.2.5. Waste disposal and air pollution: 8.2.5.1. London suffers from air pollution (some of the worse in the EU) due it’s size and the dense road network. 8.2.5.2. London is working hard to try and protect people and clean up the air by; 8.2.5.2.1. free to download app that informs people of air quality 8.2.5.2.2. Cleaning up London's bus fleet by making them less polluting including buses that run on Hydrogen, 8.2.5.2.3. Congestion Charge, Low Emission Zone , invest money in cycling networks and Boris Bikes. 8.2.5.3. Waste 8.2.5.3.1. with London’s high and growing population, it produces significant amounts of waste. 8.2.5.3.2. It uses a mixture of recycling, landfill (where the waste is dumped into the ground and energy recovery (the waste is burnt to produce electricity) to deal with this waste. 8.2.5.3.3. The London waste management strategy is aiming to; To achieve zero municipal waste direct to landfill by 2025, reduce household waste, recycle or compost at least 45 per cent more, and generates as much energy from organic waste. 8.2.5.3.4. However, people still ignore this and too much waste still ends up in landfill, only 34% of waste in London is recycled. 40% is incinerated which causes huge amounts of air pollution. 8.2.5.3.5. Landfill sites could run out in 8 years, or more rural land will need to be used to dispose of this waste. 8.3. the impact of urban sprawl on the rural–urban fringe, and the growth of commuter settlements. 8.3.1. Growth of commuter settlements and the impact of urban scrawl on the rural-urban fringe. 8.3.2. Building on brownfield and greenfield sites: 8.3.3. Waste disposal and air pollution: 8.3.3.1. London suffers from air pollution (some of the worse in the EU) due it’s size and the dense road network. 8.3.3.2. London is working hard to try and protect people and clean up the air by; 8.3.3.2.1. free to download app that informs people of air quality 8.3.3.2.2. Cleaning up London's bus fleet by making them less polluting including buses that run on Hydrogen, 8.3.3.2.3. Congestion Charge, Low Emission Zone , invest money in cycling networks and Boris Bikes. 8.3.3.3. Waste 8.3.3.3.1. with London’s high and growing population, it produces significant amounts of waste. 8.3.3.3.2. It uses a mixture of recycling, landfill (where the waste is dumped into the ground and energy recovery (the waste is burnt to produce electricity) to deal with this waste. 8.3.3.3.3. The London waste management strategy is aiming to; To achieve zero municipal waste direct to landfill by 2025, reduce household waste, recycle or compost at least 45 per cent more, and generates as much energy from organic waste. 8.3.3.3.4. However, people still ignore this and too much waste still ends up in landfill, only 34% of waste in London is recycled. 40% is incinerated which causes huge amounts of air pollution. 8.3.3.3.5. Landfill sites could run out in 8 years, or more rural land will need to be used to dispose of this waste. 9. An example of an urban regeneration project to show: 9.1. reasons why the area needed regeneration 9.1.1. after the closure of many of london's docks, thousands of people lost their jobs 9.1.2. people left the area and left to look for jobs elsewhere 9.1.3. - between 1981 and 1998 the docklands underwent urban regeneration + continues to improve - eg Canary Wharf which is a part of london docklands, is now an area full of expensive apartments, exclusive shops 9.1.4. Stratford ( Lower Lea Valley) -lies to the north of the london docklands -previously had one of the most deprived communities in the country where unemployment was high and levels of health were poor, there was a lack of infrastructure and environmental quality was poor -In 2012 the London olympics bid was successful, one of the reasons that London’s bid was partly successful was on the understanding that Stratford would be used during the games and regenerated for local people to use after the competitors left. 9.2. the main features of the project. 9.3. Advantages of the Stratford Regeneration project 9.3.1. Economic 9.3.1.1. Stratford is now a well connected area of London which allows for an easy commute. 9.3.1.2. New jobs in construction and tourism have created a multiplier effect. (working in cafes, working in the olympic park) 9.3.1.3. Estimated that over 100,000 new jobs will be created by 2030, which will bring even more money into the area 9.3.1.4. New stratford tube station and other infrastructure improvements 9.3.1.5. 9 billion pounds investment in east london by government 9.3.1.6. An extra 10 billion approx of income into the Uk economy (people having jobs, money goes to tax) 9.3.1.7. Venues previously used for Olympics now sold of to private companies 9.3.2. Social 9.3.2.1. By 2036 more than 33,000 new homes will have been built in the park. 9.3.2.2. 5 new neighborhoods with lots of green spaces will be built (a 3rd of these houses will be affordable) (affordable = subsidized housing, houses sold to you at lower cost, if you meet certain criteria) 9.3.2.3. New academy/school built for ages 3-18 9.3.2.4. Aquatics center built for community use 9.3.2.5. Boost of social morale due to lowered rates of unemployment 9.3.3. Environmental 9.3.3.1. New green spaces, protection of previous green spaces. This improved biodiversity. 9.3.3.2. 560 acres of brownfield sites/derelict land were cleaned and cleared (disused factories knocked down etc) and decontaminated. Removal of contaminants in the ground - making the land good for habits to rebuild 9.3.3.3. Olympic Park is sustainable in a number of ways (walking and cycling routes, public transport, water efficient design) 9.3.3.4. Stadium partially constructed out of recycled materials 9.3.3.5. Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park 9.3.3.6. Restoration of the River Lea 9.4. Disadvantages 9.4.1. social problem: many locals were pushed out of the area due to higher rental/housing costs ( due to area being nicer, higher demand) 10. How urban change has created opportunities: 10.1. social and economic: cultural mix, recreation and entertainment, employment, integrated transport systems 10.1.1. Culture mix (refers to a country or a place that has more than one culture living together in close proximity) 10.1.1.1. London is the 9th most diverse city in the world. 10.1.1.2. 3 boroughs : e.g. Tower Hamlets 10.1.1.3. White people are now in the minority. 10.1.1.4. The cultural mix enriches London’s cultural life, e.g. food, music and events. (Notting Hill Carnival, Brick Lane Curry Mile) 10.1.1.5. The cultural mix in London also highlights what a broadly tolerant population the citizens of London are. 10.1.2. Recreation & entertainment 10.1.2.1. London is a hub for recreation and entertainment 10.1.2.2. E.g. Cultural Attractions e.g. British Museum and the Natural History Museum, V+A, West End (for musicals and shows) 10.1.2.3. Tourist attraction,e.g. Buckingham Palace and The Houses of Parliament 10.1.2.4. Sporting Events, e.g. Wimbolden, Wembley 10.1.2.5. Huge number of bars, restaurants and entertainment 10.1.3. Employment 10.1.3.1. London is by far the largest contributor to the UK economy 10.1.3.2. London houses a major world financial centre and a range of business specialisms → attract a highly skilled workforce 10.1.3.3. London residents (aged 16-14 and working) are more likely to be employed in managerial, professional roles, which earn more money. 10.1.4. Integrated Transport Systems 10.1.4.1. Different forms of transport can link one to another (boat, bus, DLR, tube, rail, cable car, cycle (Boris Bikes) 10.1.4.2. Transport network includes both private and public services 10.1.4.3. Public transport accounts for 25% of all journeys 10.1.4.4. Major motorway (M25) + 4 airports 1 hour from it 10.1.4.5. Eurostar connecting London to Europe by train 10.1.4.6. Commuters can travel using their Oyster card (easy + accessible) 10.2. environmental: urban greening 10.2.1. Urban Greening (to increase the amount and proportion of green spaces within the city) 10.2.1.1. These green spaces are essential for: 10.2.1.1.1. Wildlife 10.2.1.1.2. Reduced flooding 10.2.1.1.3. Growing food 10.2.1.1.4. For people quality of life 10.2.1.1.5. (benefits the environment enormously) 10.2.1.2. London has made attempts to offer additional green spaces within its urban area, by creating: 10.2.1.2.1. Rooftop green spaces Large range of green spaces available to the public such as Hampstead Heath The olympic park has many green spaces for leisure activities, walking and wildlife. Improvements and areas such as these have created a more pleasant local environment