The Challenge of Natural Hazards

Natural Hazards Section A : The Challenge of natural hazards Tectonic Hazards Weather Hazards Climate Change Section A : The Challenge of natural hazards 1. Natural Hazards 1.1. definitions 1.1.1. A natural hazard is something that occurs naturally that is extreme that endangers people and place. 1.1.2. Hazard risk 1.1.2.1. the possible/likely impacts of a hazard in a certain place 1.1.3. Hazard impact 1.1.3.1. the actual impacts of a hazard in a certain place 1.1.4. primary impacts 1.1.4.1. immediate/short term 1.1.5. secondary impacts 1.1.5.1. long term consequences 1.1.6. hazard perception 1.1.6.1. how people view the risk of a hazard (e.g predictable not risky volancano = live near by) (higher wealth = more choices/less risk) 1.2. different types of natural hazards 1.2.1. Typhoon 1.2.2. Tsunami 1.2.3. Tornado 1.2.4. Cyclone 1.2.5. Sandstorm 1.2.6. Blizzard 1.2.7. Avalanche 1.2.8. Floods 1.2.9. Earthquake 1.2.10. Forest fires 1.3. Factors affecting risk/vulnerability of a community: 1.3.1. Location – where you live 1.3.2. Level of education - knowing how to prepare/protect yourself 1.3.3. Demographic factors – age (youngest + eldest more vunreable), fitness/health, gender(women more likely to die in earthquakes because more likely to be at home), disability 1.3.4. Wealth of your country – HICs can affort protection and monitoring 1.3.5. Wealth of individuals – people livings in poverty are more vulnerable ---> poor infrstructure + poor quality housing (building will easily collapse if built poorly) 1.4. Potential Impacts of natural hazards: 1.4.1. Injury 1.4.2. Death ( family loss 1.4.3. Loss of services (hospitals, education) 1.4.4. Loss of jobs 1.4.5. Homelessness 1.4.6. Infrastructure destroyed 1.4.7. Houses lost 1.4.8. Loss of businesses + shops 1.4.9. Damage to habitats 1.4.10. Pollution of water 1.4.11. Loss of trees 2. Tectonic Hazards 2.1. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are the result of physical processes. 2.1.1. Plate tectonics theory 2.1.1.1. The structure of the Earth 2.1.1.1.1. The Earth is composed of four main layers: 2.1.1.1.1.1. Inner core: About 1400km in diameter, a solid and dense layer composed of iron and nickel with temperatures of about 5500°C 2.1.1.1.1.2. Outer core: About 2100km thick, a semi-molten metal layer with temperatures between about 5000-5500°C 2.1.1.1.1.3. Mantle: About 2900km thick, a semi-molten layer which is less dense than the outer core 2.1.1.1.1.4. Crust: The thickness varies, and is made up of two types of crust 2.1.1.1.2. Crust 2.1.1.1.2.1. there are two types of crust: 2.1.1.1.2.1.1. The oceanic crust is thinner (5-10km) but heavier and denser 2.1.1.1.2.1.2. The continental crust is thicker (25-90km) but is older and lighter 2.1.1.1.2.2. Oceanic crust is continually being created and destroyed as a result of plate movement, where it is denser and so subducts under the continental crust 2.1.1.1.2.3. This is why continental crust is much older than oceanic crust, as it isn't destroyed 2.1.1.1.3. Plate tectonics 2.1.1.1.3.1. The crust is broken into a number of tectonic plates 2.1.1.1.3.2. These plates move on top of the semi-molten mantle below. 2.1.1.1.3.3. Tectonic theory once stated the movement of the plates was the result of convection currents in the mantle 2.1.1.1.3.3.1. Current theory is called slab pull theory which suggests that the movement is the result of the weight of the denser oceanic plates subducting and dragging the rest of the plate along 2.1.1.1.3.4. A plate boundary or margin is where two plates meet 2.1.2. Global distribution of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and their relationship to plate margins. 2.1.2.1. Earthquake distribution 2.1.2.1.1. Earthquakes occur at all types of plate boundaries 2.1.2.1.2. Most occur along the Pacific 'Ring of Fire' (approximately 90%) 2.1.2.2. Volcano distribution 2.1.2.2.1. Most volcanoes occur at constructive and destructive plate boundaries 2.1.2.2.2. The majority of active volcanoes (approximately 75%) are located around the rim of the Pacific Ocean called the 'Ring of Fire' 2.1.2.2.3. Hotspots occur away from plate boundaries and are plumes/columns of magma which escape through the Earth's crust 2.1.3. Physical processes taking place at different types of plate margin (constructive, destructive and conservative) that lead to earthquakes and volcanic activity. 2.1.3.1. Types of plate boundary 2.1.3.1.1. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes most commonly occur at or near plate boundaries 2.1.3.1.2. There are three main types of plate boundaries: 2.1.3.1.2.1. Constructive 2.1.3.1.2.1.1. At a constructive boundary the plates are moving apart 2.1.3.1.2.1.2. The Mid Atlantic Ridge is an example of a constructive plate boundary 2.1.3.1.2.1.3. Both volcanic eruptions and earthquakes can occur at this type of plate boundary 2.1.3.1.2.1.4. At a constructive plate margin the plates move apart from one another in the middle of the ocean. When this happens the magma from the mantle rises up to make (or construct) new land in the form of a shield volcano. The movement of the plates over the mantle can cause earthquakes 2.1.3.1.2.2. Destructive 2.1.3.1.2.2.1. A destructive plate margin usually involves an oceanic plate and a continental plate. The plates move towards one another and this movement can cause earthquakes. 2.1.3.1.2.2.2. As the plates collide, the oceanic plate is forced beneath the continental plate. This is known as subduction This happens because the oceanic plate is denser (heavier) than the continental plate. When the plate sinks into the mantle it melts to form magma. The pressure of the magma builds up beneath the Earth's surface. The magma escapes through weaknesses in the rock and rises up through a composite volcano. The volcanic eruptions are often violent, with lots of steam, gas and ash. 2.1.3.1.2.2.3. If two continental plates collide, neither can sink and so the land buckles upwards to form fold mountains. This is called a collision margin. Earthquakes can occur at collision margins 2.1.3.1.2.3. Conservative (transform) 2.1.3.1.2.3.1. At a conservative plate margin, the plates move past each other or are side by side moving at different speeds. As the plates move, friction occurs and plates become stuck. Pressure builds up because the plates are still trying to move. When the pressure is released, it sends out huge amounts of energy, causing an earthquake. The earthquakes at a conservative plate boundary can be very destructive as they occur close to the Earth's surface. There are no volcanoes at a conservative plate margin 2.2. The effects of, and responses to, a tectonic hazard vary between areas of contrasting levels of wealth. 2.2.1. Primary and secondary effects of a tectonic hazard (general) 2.2.1.1. Volcanic eruption 2.2.1.1.1. primary 2.2.1.1.1.1. Buildings, homes and farmland destroyed/damaged 2.2.1.1.1.2. People injured/killed 2.2.1.1.1.3. Transport routes destroyed/damaged 2.2.1.1.1.4. Aircraft grounded due to ash in the atmosphere 2.2.1.1.1.5. Contaminated water supply 2.2.1.1.1.6. Ash fall buries houses/crops 2.2.1.1.2. secondary 2.2.1.1.2.1. Economy slows as businesses take time to re-establish and money is spent on rebuilding 2.2.1.1.2.2. Aid struggles to reach those in need due to damaged/destroyed transport routes 2.2.1.1.2.3. Lack of clean water leads to disease 2.2.1.1.2.4. Damaged/destroyed homes lead to homelessness 2.2.1.1.2.5. Flooding caused by ice/snow melting on the volcano slopes may also cause lahars 2.2.1.1.2.6. Food prices increase 2.2.1.2. Earthquake 2.2.1.2.1. primary 2.2.1.2.1.1. Buildings and homes destroyed/damaged 2.2.1.2.1.2. People injured/killed 2.2.1.2.1.3. Transport routes destroyed/damaged 2.2.1.2.1.4. Water/gas/electricity supplies cut 2.2.1.2.2. secondary 2.2.1.2.2.1. Economy slows as businesses take time to re-establish and money is spent on rebuilding 2.2.1.2.2.2. Aid struggles to reach those in need due to damaged/destroyed transport routes 2.2.1.2.2.3. Fires start due to broken gas and electricity supplies 2.2.1.2.2.4. Lack of clean water leads to disease 2.2.1.2.2.5. Damaged/destroyed homes lead to homelessness 2.2.1.2.2.6. Food prices increase 2.2.2. Immediate and long-term responses to a tectonic hazard (general) 2.2.2.1. The responses to any tectonic hazard can be divided into two groups 2.2.2.1.1. Immediate in the days and weeks after the event 2.2.2.1.2. Long term in the months and years after the event 2.2.2.2. immediate 2.2.2.2.1. rescue teams search for survivors 2.2.2.2.2. medical assistance for those injured 2.2.2.2.3. shelter provided for homeless 2.2.2.2.4. food and water provided 2.2.2.2.5. evacuation 2.2.2.2.6. clearing ash and debris 2.2.2.2.7. recovery and burial of bodies 2.2.2.3. long term 2.2.2.3.1. rebuild homes and other buildings 2.2.2.3.2. improve building structures/regulations 2.2.2.3.3. improve building regulations 2.2.2.3.4. money given to farms for seed and new livestock 2.2.2.3.5. transport routes rebuild 2.2.2.3.6. data from eruptions used to improve future predictions 2.2.3. CASE STUDIES : Use named examples to show how the effects and responses to a tectonic hazard vary between two areas of contrasting levels of wealth. 2.2.3.1. the impacts/effects of the earthquake 2.2.3.1.1. primary effects (result directly from the ground shaking) 2.2.3.1.1.1. L'Aquila, Italy (2009) 2.2.3.1.1.1.1. killed 309 people (20 of these were children) 2.2.3.1.1.1.2. damaged between 3,000 and 11,000 buildings in the medieval city of L'Aquila (Historic buildings severley damaged ----> most inhabitants abandoned their homes in the city) 2.2.3.1.1.1.3. Approximately 1,500 people injured 2.2.3.1.1.1.4. Left 40,000 people homeless (only 10,000 housed in hotels on the coast, some found accommodation tented camps) 2.2.3.1.1.2. Haiti (2010) 2.2.3.1.1.2.1. 3 million people affected by the earthquake 2.2.3.1.1.2.2. Between 217,000 and 230,000 people died 2.2.3.1.1.2.3. An estimated 300,000 were injured 2.2.3.1.1.2.4. An estimated 1,000,000 were made homeless 2.2.3.1.1.2.5. An estimated 250,000 residences + 30,000 commercial buildings had collapsed/been severely damaged 2.2.3.1.1.2.6. Main port and airport damaged – aid could not reach survivors for a month 2.2.3.1.2. secondary effects (further hazards caused by the earthquake) 2.2.3.1.2.1. L'Aquila, Italy (2009) 2.2.3.1.2.1.1. triggering landslides + rockfalls ---> causing damage to housing and transport 2.2.3.1.2.1.2. a landslide and mudflow were caused by a burst main supply pipeline 2.2.3.1.2.1.3. number of students at the L'Aquila University decreased 2.2.3.1.2.1.4. lack of housing for all residents caused house prices and rents to increase 2.2.3.1.2.1.5. much of the city's central business district was cordoned off due to unsafe buildings, some 'red zones' still exist'. ---> reducing amount of business, tourism + income 2.2.3.1.2.2. Haiti (2010) 2.2.3.1.2.2.1. 2 Million people left without water or food 2.2.3.1.2.2.2. Regular power cuts occurred 2.2.3.1.2.2.3. Crime increased – looting became a problem and sexual violence escalated 2.2.3.1.2.2.4. People moved into temporary shelters 2.2.3.1.2.2.5. By November 2010 there were outbreaks of cholera in refugee camp (causing a further 50,000 deaths in the months after the earthquake) 2.2.3.1.3. earthquake magnitude (size on Richter scale) -> 2.2.3.1.3.1. L'Aquila, Italy (2009) 2.2.3.1.3.1.1. 6.3 2.2.3.1.3.2. Haiti (2010) 2.2.3.1.3.2.1. 7 2.2.3.2. How did the different countries respond to the disaster? (immediate + long term responses) 2.2.3.2.1. Immediate responses (straight away, within hours/days) 2.2.3.2.1.1. L'Aquila, Italy (2009) 2.2.3.2.1.1.1. For homeless ---> hotels provided shelter for 10,000 people, 40,000 tents were distributed, some train carriages used as shelters 2.2.3.2.1.1.2. Italian Red Cross was searching for survivors with the support of 7 dog units, 36 ambulances, + a temporary hospital within an hour. 2.2.3.2.1.1.3. Red Cross also distributed water, hot meals, tents + blankets, 2.2.3.2.1.1.4. The British Red cross raised £171,000 in support. 2.2.3.2.1.1.5. Morgages + bills for Sky TV, gas and electricity were suspended. 2.2.3.2.1.1.6. Italian post office offered free mobile calls, raised donations + gave free delivery for products sold by small businesses 2.2.3.2.1.1.7. L'Aquila was declared a state of emergency ---> sped up international to the area from the EU and USA. EU granted $552.9 million from its solidarity Fund for major disasters to begin rebuilding L'Aquila. 2.2.3.2.1.2. Haiti (2010) 2.2.3.2.1.2.1. Due to the port being damaged, aid was slow to arrive 2.2.3.2.1.2.2. The USA sent rescue teams and 10,000 troops 2.2.3.2.1.2.3. Bottled water + purification tablets were provided 2.2.3.2.1.2.4. 235,000 people were moved away from Port-au-Prince to less-damaged cities 2.2.3.2.1.2.5. £20 million was donated by the UK government 2.2.3.2.2. Long term responses (recovering + rebuilding) 2.2.3.2.2.1. L'Aquila (2009) 2.2.3.2.2.1.1. Torch-lit procession which took place with a Catholic mass on the anniversary of the earthquake as an act of remembrance 2.2.3.2.2.1.2. Residents did not have to pay taxes during 2010 2.2.3.2.2.1.3. Students given free public transport, discounts on educational equipment + were exempt from university fees for 3 years 2.2.3.2.2.1.4. Homes took several years to rebuild, and historical centres are expected to take approx 15 years to rebuild 2.2.3.2.2.2. Haiti (2010) 2.2.3.2.2.2.1. As one of the poorest countries on Earth, Haiti relied on overseas aid 2.2.3.2.2.2.2. Although response was slow, new homes were built to a higher standard. Over 1 million people still lived in temporary shelters one year are the earthquake 2.2.3.2.2.2.3. The port needed rebuilding, which required a large amount of investment 2.2.3.3. Comparing the earthquakes: 2.2.3.3.1. 1.Look back at the impacts suffered in each place. Where were they worse? What is your evidence for this? 2.2.3.3.1.1. -The earthquake in Haiti effected more people in terms of injury : 300,000 injured (only 1,500 in L'Aquila) 2.2.3.3.1.2. -Many more people died in the Haiti earthquake than in the L'Aquila one : 230,000 approx died in Haitia ( only 300 approx in L'Aquila) 2.2.3.3.1.3. -many more people in Haiti were effected by homelessness in the Haiti Earthquake 2.2.3.3.1.4. -BUT there were historical buildings collapsed/ruined/damaged severeley in the L'Aquila earthquake, but there is no mention of historical buildings being ruined in Haiti 2.2.3.3.1.5. -Haiti suffered many secondary effects that restricted their ability to access basic resources '2 Million people left without water or food, Regular power cuts occurred' 2.2.3.3.2. 2.How effective were the responses in each place? Evidence? 2.2.3.3.2.1. -I think responses were much quicker in L'Aquila : homes for homeless provided, support from the red cross charity, international aid given, people given help in terms of bills for gas,electricty etc 2.2.3.3.2.2. BUT 2.2.3.3.2.3. -In Haiti from information I have the responses seem weak and slow: 'Due to the port being damaged, aid was slow to arrive', 'Over 1 million people still lived in temporary shelters one year are the earthquake' 2.2.3.3.2.4. (But there was help given these are just examples) 2.2.3.3.3. 3.Which country do you think had better responses? 2.2.3.3.3.1. -I think the responses in Haiti were slightly slower in the long term but there was help given 2.2.3.3.3.2. -I think responses in L'Aquila were quicker in the short term, but long term effects in my opinion were slightly off task + didn’t contribute to meaningful improvements (less to do with the country + people, more to do with ceremonies in remembrance) 2.2.3.3.4. 4.Why do you think one place suffered more than the other? What factors contributed to this? 2.2.3.3.4.1. -I think Haiti's residents suffered more, and there was a big population decrease due to the large amounts of death due to the earthquake. 2.2.3.3.4.2. -I think L'Aquila's historical buildings, tourism, business + income suffered more as the buildings that were ruined were not just residential 2.3. Management can reduce the effects of a tectonic hazard. 2.3.1. Reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from a tectonic hazard. 2.3.2. How monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the risks from a tectonic hazard. 3. Weather Hazards 3.1. Global atmospheric circulation helps to determine patterns of weather and climate. 3.1.1. General atmospheric circulation model: pressure belts and surface winds. 3.1.1.1. Tropical storms happen because of GLOBAL ATMOSPERIC CIRCULATION (the way air moves around the earth) 3.1.1.2. Air is heated by the sun : When air is warm it rises, when it is cool it sinks 3.1.1.3. The sun heats the air at the equator more than anywhere else 3.1.1.4. Equator has a lot of clouds because a lot of air rising 3.1.1.5. Equator has lots of rainforests because... 3.1.1.6. A cell is a continual pattern of air movement. 3.1.1.7. Hadley cell is the most important cell because... 3.1.1.8. Curved arrows/bottom across the surface represent the surface winds 3.1.1.9. Curved to show the air moves in a curved direction due to the earth spinning 3.1.1.10. Surface Winds spin to the west in the hadley cell 3.1.1.11. TRADE WINDS – the hadley cells ONLY arrows (Find trade winds to be able to sail to trade) 3.2. Tropical storms (hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons) develop as a result of particular physical conditions. 3.2.1. Global distribution of tropical storms (hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons). An understanding of the relationship between tropical storms and general atmospheric circulation. Causes of tropical storms and the sequence of their formation and development. The structure and features of a tropical storm. How climate change might affect the distribution, frequency and intensity of tropical storms. 3.2.1.1. Tropical storms – (normally form on the north of the equator, positive number of degrees away from the equator – 5-20 degrees N of the equator ) where the trade winds come together (other things needed to create a tropical storm): 3.2.1.1.1. oceans have to be 26 degrees or more for there to be a storm 3.2.1.1.2. Trade winds coming together 3.2.1.1.3. Low pressure (when air is rising upwards, always at the equator) 3.2.1.1.4. The right season (normally summer) 3.2.1.2. ORDER OF MAKING A STORM 3.2.1.2.1. 1. Ocean 26 degrees – warm, moist air from ocean rises rapidly and forms thunderstorms. 3.2.1.2.2. 2. Warm rising air continues to feed the storm, bringing more + more energy into the storm 3.2.1.2.3. 3. Trade winds cause the storm to rotate, creating a tropical storm ----> rotation causes it to move across the earth 3.2.1.2.4. 4. Lose energy when over land because no energy from ocean 3.2.1.2.5. Middle of a storm (the circle) is known as the 'eye' 3.2.1.2.6. When the eye moves It becomes windy, but it is generally calm, so if in the very middle of it there will be no clouds above you. 3.2.1.3. Characteristics of Tropical Storms 3.2.1.3.1. Characteristics include: 3.2.1.3.1.1. Lasting 7-14 days 3.2.1.3.1.2. Heavy rainfall 3.2.1.3.1.3. High wind speeds (over 119 kmph) 3.2.1.3.1.4. High waves and storm surges 3.2.1.3.2. Tropical storms can vary in diameter (100-1000km) 3.2.1.3.3. Winds spiral rapidly around a calm central area known as the eye, with descending cold air, low pressure, light winds, no clouds or rain 3.2.1.3.4. The winds of the storm are not constant across its diameter 3.2.1.3.4.1. The outer edges of the storm have lighter wind speeds, smaller and more scattered clouds, rain is less intense, and the temperatures begin to increase 3.2.1.3.4.2. The strongest and most destructive winds are found within the eyewall, with spiralling storm clouds, torrential rainfall and low temperatures 3.2.1.3.5. Tropical storms are rated on the five-point Saffir-Simpson scale based on wind speeds 3.2.1.3.6. Tropical storms are considered major when they reach category 3 and have wind speeds between 111-129 miles (178-208 kilometres) per hour 3.2.1.3.7. A category 5 storm can deliver wind speeds of more than 157 miles (252km) an hour 3.2.1.4. Causes of Tropical Storms 3.2.1.4.1. Sea temperatures must be 27°C and above to allow warm air to rise quickly, causing an area of intense low pressure 3.2.1.4.2. They only form between 5° and 30° north and south of the equator (warmest waters are found here) 3.2.1.4.3. The rising air draws further moist, warm air up from the ocean's surface, generating stronger winds 3.2.1.4.4. The air spirals upwards, cools, condenses and forms large cumulonimbus clouds 3.2.1.4.5. These clouds form the eye wall of the storm and produce heavy rainfall 3.2.1.4.6. Cold air sinks at the centre, creating a calm, dry area known as the eye of the storm 3.2.1.4.7. Tropical storms will die out if the heat energy and moisture from the ocean are no longer available to drive the storm 3.3. Tropical storms have significant effects on people and the environment. 3.3.1. Primary and secondary effects of tropical storms. Immediate and long-term responses to tropical storms. Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses. How monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the effects of tropical storms. 3.3.1.1. Typhoon Haiyan, 2013 - Case Study 3.3.1.1.1. tracking typhoon haiyan 3.3.1.1.1.1. it forms in the east pacific ocean 3.3.1.1.1.2. it moves west and gains energy 3.3.1.1.1.3. as it hits the Philippines it is a category 5 storm (highest) 3.3.1.1.1.4. Passes straight over very vulnerable coast city, vulnerable to the storm surge created after the typhoon 3.3.1.1.2. The Philippines, what might make it vulnerable? (vulnerability factors) 3.3.1.1.2.1. High population density 3.3.1.1.2.2. Weak infrastructure + poorly-built housing 3.3.1.1.2.3. Tacloban City on coast of Pacific 3.3.1.1.2.4. Reliant on Agriculture 3.3.1.1.3. impacts of typhoon haiyan 3.3.1.1.3.1. Primary impacts: 3.3.1.1.3.1.1. Hospitals and schools were destroyed 3.3.1.1.3.1.2. 90% of the city Tacloban was destroyed 3.3.1.1.3.1.3. An estimated 6300 people were killed 3.3.1.1.3.1.4. Strong winds damaged power lines and crops 3.3.1.1.3.1.5. 30,000 fishing boats were destroyed 3.3.1.1.3.1.6. 600,000 people displaced, around 40,000 homes damaged or flattend 3.3.1.1.3.2. Secondary impacts: 3.3.1.1.3.2.1. Many jobs were lost 3.3.1.1.3.2.2. Power supplies cut off for a month 3.3.1.1.3.2.3. 14 million impacted, many left homeless, 6 million without a source of income 3.3.1.1.3.2.4. Looting and violence became a problem in Tacloban 3.3.1.1.3.2.5. Outbreak of disease to to uncleanly hospital environment due to poor infrastructure. 3.3.1.1.4. responses to the Typhoon 3.3.1.1.4.1. Immediate: 3.3.1.1.4.1.1. -The Philippines, Red Cross delivered basic food air, which included rice, canned food, sugar and cooking oil, set up to help the injured 3.3.1.1.4.1.2. -International government with aid agencies responded quickly with food aid, water and temporary shelters. 3.3.1.1.4.1.3. -French, Belgian and Israeli field hospitals set up to help the injured (not a proper hospital, so unsanitary conditions, make shift hospital) 3.3.1.1.4.1.4. -UK government sent shelter kits, each one able to provide shelter kits, each one able to provide shelter for a family 3.3.1.1.4.2. Long-term: 3.3.1.1.4.2.1. Thousands of homes have been built away from areas at risk of flooding 3.3.1.1.5. POSSIBLE QUESTIONS 3.3.1.1.5.1. are the primary impacts of secondary impacts worse of a tropical storm case study? 3.3.1.1.5.2. Which is worse an earthquake or a tropical storm/typhoon? 3.3.1.2. Facts + Figures 3.3.1.2.1. where are most tropical storms found? 3.3.1.2.1.1. the Pacific 'Ring of Fire' 3.3.1.2.2. when do most storms occur in the Phillipines? 3.3.1.2.2.1. Between November + May 3.3.1.2.3. How many people lost their homes as a result of Typhoon Haiyan? 3.3.1.2.3.1. 5 million people saw their homes destroyed or become uninhabitable 3.3.1.2.4. What is the GDP per capita of the Philippines? 3.3.1.2.4.1. 2765 dollars 3.3.1.2.5. State the population density of Tacloban City. 3.3.1.2.5.1. 1100 3.3.1.2.6. Suggest why wealth and population density might have influenced the impact of the storm. 3.3.1.2.6.1. With a high population density it means that the areas where the storm impacted most, Talcoban City, there were many people affected because many people live close together in that city. The wealth of the city would also of meant that the infrastructure was likely not as good/ or well built and so did not survive the storm as well as some HICs might have. 3.3.1.2.7. Describe those areas worst affected by the storm surge. 3.3.1.2.7.1. 90% of all buildings were destroyed, the trees were uprooted or flattened, debris covered the land, electricity supplies were cut and infrastructure and communications destroyed. 3.4. The UK is affected by a number of weather hazards. 3.4.1. An overview of types of weather hazard experienced in the UK. 3.4.1.1. what is extreme weather? 3.4.1.1.1. Extreme weather is weather conditions that are not normal/are outside the normal range. 3.4.1.1.2. UK extreme weather: floods, blizzards, storms, heatwaves 3.4.1.2. The UK's weather is becoming more extreme as a result of climate change. 3.4.1.2.1. Facts: 3.4.1.2.1.1. 6 wettest years on record in this century 3.4.1.2.1.2. October 2023 was the wettest October across England since 2000. 3.4.1.2.1.3. 2022, warmest summer on record 3.4.1.2.1.4. 10 warmest years on record, since 2002 3.5. Extreme weather events in the UK have impacts on human activity. 3.5.1. An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK to illustrate: - causes - social, economic and environmental impacts - how management strategies can reduce risk. Evidence that weather is becoming more extreme in the UK. 3.5.1.1. THE CASE STUDY: 2022 Summer UK Heatwave 3.5.1.1.1. 40.2 °C – hottest ever recorded (london above 40°C) 3.5.1.1.2. Mid to high 30s°C across Midland + northern England 3.5.1.1.3. Night temperates stayed above 25 °C 3.5.1.2. impacts 3.5.1.2.1. social 3.5.1.2.1.1. economic 3.5.1.2.1.1.1. environmental 3.5.1.2.2. network rail issues a 'do not travel' warning, and many rail services were disrupted 3.5.1.2.2.1. train company loss of money, people unable to travel to get to work---> economic impact 3.5.1.2.2.2. people unable to travel for leisure/personal ---> social 3.5.1.2.3. high temperatures make older and very young people very vulnerable 3.5.1.2.4. challenging conditions for the NHS with a spike in 999 calls (unable to reach everyone struggling, so some deaths, hundreds more deaths than usual) 3.5.1.2.5. Flight suspended at Luton airport after the heat affected the runway 3.5.1.2.5.1. economic, loss of money for airport---> government 3.5.1.2.5.2. social, people unable to travel for leisure 3.5.1.2.6. Schools remained open, but many ran a shorter day 3.5.1.2.6.1. kids missing their education 3.5.1.2.7. power cuts in parts of Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and the northeast of england. 3.5.1.2.7.1. economic --> people unable to work 3.5.1.2.7.2. social—people unable to travel/communicate for leisure 3.5.1.2.8. OTHER MAJOR IMPACTS, WILDFIRES: 3.5.1.2.8.1. Weeks of drought + extreme heat + strong winds = wildfires 3.5.1.2.8.1.1. -fires in east + south-east London 3.5.1.2.8.1.2. -houses and businesses at risk/burned down 3.5.1.2.8.1.3. -significant pressure on the fire brigade 3.5.1.2.8.1.4. -Euston station shut down by fire 3.5.1.2.8.2. Heat 3.5.1.2.8.2.1. -main trainline London --> Edinburgh shut down due to rails buckling 3.5.1.2.8.2.2. -A14 in Cambridgeshire melted and buckled 3.5.1.2.8.3. Wennington – buildings and fields on fire 3.5.1.2.8.3.1. -declared major incident 3.5.1.2.8.3.2. -fog and smoke, local air pollution 3.5.1.2.8.3.3. -lost belongings + pets 3.5.1.2.8.3.4. -100 firefighters at one first ---> UK emergency services not as well prepared for wildfires 3.5.1.2.8.4. Fire brigade can't respond to any other emergencies 3.5.1.3. management strategies 3.5.1.3.1. Climate Change Mitigation seen in the heatwave 3.5.1.3.1.1. Bring forward targets to reduce carbon emissions 3.5.1.3.2. Climate change Adaptation seen in the heatwave 3.5.1.3.2.1. Care home adapted to protect older people in heat – air conditioning + water stations 3.5.1.3.2.2. Improving road and railway infrastructure to withstand extreme temperates 4. Climate Change 4.1. Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects. 4.1.1. Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. 4.1.1.1. Quaternary period = the last 2.6 million years. It is characterized by a drop in temperature compared to previous periods. 4.1.1.2. The Quaternary starts when glacial periods occur and there is extended ice in the northern hemisphere. 4.1.1.3. Throughout the Quaternary there have been glacials and interglacials, with temperatures fluctuating every 50-100,000 years. 4.1.1.4. However, the most recent warming is faster than has been seen in the past and is therefore unlikely to be natural. 4.1.2. Possible causes of climate change: 4.1.2.1. natural factors – orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output 4.1.2.1.1. 1.Volcanic Eruptions 4.1.2.1.1.1. In the short term, eruptions have a cooling effect because the ash cloud and other gases released block out the sun's radiation. This can be regional or global ad last for months or several years. 4.1.2.1.1.2. However, in the long term, significant volcanic activity can contribute to global warming. This is because carbon dioxide is released in huge volumes. Increased volcanic activity is said to be responsible for many periods of warming in the Quaternary. 4.1.2.1.2. 2. Solar Output 4.1.2.1.2.1. Variations in solar output can have warming or cooling effects. 4.1.2.1.2.2. Solar flares on the sun's surface appear for decades or hundreds of years at a time. This can increase radiation and cause slight global warming. 4.1.2.1.2.3. Similarly, sun spots are cool patches than can lead to slight global cooling. 4.1.2.1.3. 3. Orbital Change 4.1.2.1.3.1. The earth does not orbit the sun in an identical pattern. 4.1.2.1.3.2. The shape of its orbit and the angle of the earth's told changes. 4.1.2.1.3.3. As the shape of the orbit changes from circular to oval, this is known as eccentricity. It takes place over a period of around 100,000 years. A more circular orbit is a warmer earth overall, as the earth is, on average, closer to the sun all year round. 4.1.2.1.3.4. Eccentricity- changes to the shape of the earth's orbit 4.1.2.2. human factors – use of fossil fuels, agriculture and deforestation. 4.1.2.2.1. Fossil fuels (MAIN CAUSE) 4.1.2.2.1.1. Coal, natural gas and oil 4.1.2.2.1.2. Burn fossil fuels = CO2 4.1.2.2.1.3. CO2 release = enhanced greenhouse effect 4.1.2.2.1.4. Coal burned for energy production 4.1.2.2.1.5. Oil for petrol and diesel 4.1.2.2.2. Agriculture 4.1.2.2.2.1. Livestock farming = methane release 4.1.2.2.2.2. Rice paddies = release methane (½ the world's population rely on it) 4.1.2.2.3. Deforestation 4.1.2.2.3.1. Trees go through photosynthesis, take in CO2 4.1.2.2.3.2. Photosynthesis : CO2 + water = glucose + O2 (oxygen) 4.1.2.2.3.3. Trees cut down, fewer trees leads to less absorption of CO2 from the atmosphere 4.1.2.2.3.4. Done to make space: 4.1.2.2.3.4.1. -urban areas 4.1.2.2.3.4.2. -obtain wood for resources 4.1.2.2.3.4.3. -Cattle ranching 4.1.2.2.3.4.4. -palm oil production 4.1.3. Overview of the effects of climate change on people and the environment. 4.1.3.1. Poor harvests 4.1.3.1.1. grow drought resistant crops 4.1.3.2. Temperatures rise 4.1.3.2.1. ice caps melting 4.1.3.2.1.1. sea levels rise 4.1.3.2.1.1.1. flooding in coastal areas 4.1.3.2.1.1.1.1. higher rate of coastal erosion 4.1.3.2.1.1.1.1.1. coastal management schemes 4.1.3.3. Oceans become warmer 4.1.3.3.1. coral bleaching + species lost 4.1.3.3.1.1. acidification of oceans 4.1.3.4. Increased natural hazards (e.g. deadly heatwavess) 4.1.3.4.1. more drought 4.1.3.4.1.1. water transfer schemes 4.2. Managing climate change involves both mitigation (reducing causes) and adaptation (responding to change). 4.2.1. mitigation – alternative energy production, carbon capture, planting trees, international agreements 4.2.1.1. Mitigation involves strategies to try and reduce or stop climate change from happening, on a global scale. 4.2.1.2. Strategies to mitigate climate change 4.2.1.2.1. Alternative Energy Production/ Use of renewable Energy: 4.2.1.2.1.1. World population + incomes grow ---> demand for energy increases 4.2.1.2.1.2. Energy needed to power more consumer grows. (e.g. refrigeration, computers and cars, to travel around the world and produce food (especially meat) --> creates huge challenge in mitigating climate change 4.2.1.2.1.3. Renewable energy sources (such as wind, solar, geothermal, wave and tidal, and biomass) offer a solution to reduce the volume of greenhouse gases contributing to climate change 4.2.1.2.1.4. Don’t emit CO2, not adding to greenhouse gas and so don't add to the problem of global warming 4.2.1.2.1.5. Renewable energy is more expensive though! 4.2.1.2.1.6. Solar energy: 4.2.1.2.1.7. -light shines on solar panels 4.2.1.2.1.8. -creates an electrical field 4.2.1.2.1.9. -stronger the sunshine on solar panels --> more energy produced 4.2.1.2.1.10. Typical home using solar power saves over a tonne of Carbon Dioxide per year as they are not contributing to greenhouse gas emissions 4.2.1.2.2. Carbon Capture (how to use carbon energy effectively): 4.2.1.2.2.1. Using technology to store carbon emmisions from factories into the ground instead of it going into the atmosphere. ---> reducing greenhouse gases going into atmosphere 4.2.1.2.3. Planting Trees 4.2.1.2.4. International Agreements 4.2.2. adaptation – change in agricultural systems, managing water supply, reducing risk from rising sea levels. 4.2.2.1. Adaptation involves changing the way we live or work to make local communities less vulnerabe to climate. 4.2.2.2. examples of adaptation to climate change: 4.2.2.2.1. 1. Drought resistant crops 4.2.2.2.1.1. -changing rain patterns affect region of the world differently. In sub-Saharan Africa, it has largely meant less rainfall 4.2.2.2.1.2. -In Zimbabwe, they have adapted to the climate change threat by using drought resistant crops so that their crops won't fail during a drought, meaning they are less effected by climate change 4.2.2.2.2. 2. Better Water Management 4.2.2.2.2.1. -water becomes scare, and so farmers are beginning to optimize their irrigation methods with a mix of high and low tech 4.2.2.2.2.2. -in Pakistan, drip and sprinkler irrigation systems installed ---> these waste less water and are more effective in giving the plants water 4.2.2.2.3. 3. Marine Farming 4.2.2.2.3.1. -world has lost a third of its arable land over the past 30 years to exploitation and mismanagement 4.2.2.2.3.2. -farmers adapted to these pressures by farming things that don’t matter being flooded (e.g. seaweed) 4.2.2.2.3.3. (adapting instead of farming rice)