Guided Reading and Analysis The Civil War 1861-1865

Guided Reading & Analysis: The Civil War, 1861-1865 Reading Assignment: Ch. 14 AMSCO or other resource for Period 5. Purpose: This guide is not only a place to record notes as you read, but also to provide a place and structure for reflections and analysis using your noggin (thinking skills) with new knowledge gained from the reading. This guide, if THOUGHFULLY and ACURATELY completed in its entirety BOP (Beginning of Period) by the due date, can earn bonus points.The benefits of such activities, however, go far beyond quiz help and bonus points. ☺ Mastery of the course and AP exam await all who choose to process the information as they read/receive. This is an optional assignment. So… young Jedi… what is your choice? Do? Or do not? There is no try. (collage created by Rebecca Richardson using playbill from The Civil War, map from wiki commons, and image from artshound) Directions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Pre-Read: Read the prompts/questions within this guide before you read the chapter. Skim: Flip through the chapter and note titles and subtitles. Look at images and read captions. Get a feel for the content you are about to read. Read/Analyze: Read the chapter. If you have your own copy of AMSCO, Highlight key events and people as you read. Remember, the goal is not to “fish” for a specific answer(s) to reading guide questions, but to consider questions in order to critically understand what you read! Write: Write (do not type) your notes and analysis in the spaces provided. Complete it in INK! Key Concepts FOR PERIOD 5: Key Concept 5.1: The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries. Key Concept 5.2: Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war. Key Concept 5.3: The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights. Section 1 Guided Reading, pp 268-282 1. The War Begins pp 268-271 Key Concepts & Main Ideas The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, its leadership, and the decision for emancipation eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War. Notes Analysis The War Begins… Abraham Lincoln is revered at one of the best Presidents in history by many historians; however there are those who see him as a tyrant who abused his power. Support or refute the assertion that he was a tyrant who violated the Constitution and individuals’ rights as outlined in the Bill of Rights. Defend your answer with specific evidence. - In inaugural address Lincoln assured Southerners that he would not interfere with slavery but also warned that no state had the right to break up the Union Fort Sumter… - Fort Sumter in Charleston SC was cut off from vital supplies and reinforcements by Southern control of the harbor - Lincoln sent provisions of food to the fort instead of giving it up or attempting to defend it - Gave SC the choice of permitting the fort to hold our or opening fire with its shore batteries - April 12, 1861: the war began w/ SC attack on Fort Sumter - Capture after two days of fighting united most Northerners behind cause to save the Union Use of Executive Power… - Lincoln drew upon powers as chief executive and commander in chief often w/ Congress - After Fort Sumter crisis Lincoln 1. Called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the “insurrection” in the Confederacy, 2. Authorized spending for a war, and 3. Suspended the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus I refute because every time he went around the government he did it to help those enslaved to be free. He promised to help those who were still in bondage and till the day he died he upheld that promise. It may seem to some that he abused his presidential power, but to me he did what was necessary, he did things that no other president was willing to do. Although Confederate leadership showed initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improved military leadership, more effective strategies, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South’s environment and infrastructure. Secession of the Upper South… - Before attack on Fort Sumter 7 states of Deep South had seceded but after it was clear that Lincoln would use troops during crisis VA, NC, TN, and AK (upper south) seceded - People of western VA remained loyal to the Union and region became a separate state in 1863 Keeping Border States in the Union… - Decisions of DE, MD, MO, and KY not to join the Confederacy was partly due to Union sentiment in those states and partly the result of shrewd federal policies - MD = pro-secessionists attacked Union troops and threatened the railroad to Washington, but Union army resorted to martial law to keep state under federal control - MO = presence of US troops prevented pro-South elements in the state from gaining control (guerrilla forces pro=Confederacy were active during war) - KY= State legislature voted to remain neutral in conflict - Military and political goal for Lincoln to keep border states in the Union - Lincoln rejected initial calls for the emancipation of slaves partly to avoid alienation Unionists in the border states Wartime Advantages… Military… - Confederacy entered war on defensive side whereas Union had to conquer land - Conf. needed to move troops and supplies shorter distances than Union - North’s population advantage - 22 million whites+800,000 immigrants+180,000 African Am. vs. 5.5 million whites - Union had US Navy and gave Union command of rivers and territorial waters Economic… - Skills of Northern clerks and bookkeepers valuable in logistical support of large military operations - Conf. hoped that European demand for cotton would bring recognition and financial aid - Counted on outside help to be successful Political… - Conf. struggling for independence - Union fighting to preserve the Union - Conf. lacked a strong central government and public support - Union had politicians with a strong popular base - Conf. hope that Union people would turn against Lincoln and the Republicans and quit b/c the war was too costly Abraham Lincoln said, “I hope to have God on my side, but I must have Kentucky.” What did he mean by this? Loosing KY would increase confederate population and would've weakened the North's plan for war. So many West Point graduates joined the Confederacy, the government contemplated shutting it down. (Of 1,108 U.S. Army officers in 1860, only 270 resigned to join the Confederate Army. Of those 270, however, 184 were West Point graduates and were mostly middle to upper commanders with military experience… most notably, Robert E. Lee.) Despite so many highly trained military leaders, they still ended up losing. Why do you think that was? The confederates thought highly of themselves since they were stronger which blinded them a lot, thus caused them to lose. Another reason they lost was because they were outnumbered. The Confederate States of America… - Conf. constitution modeled after US constitution but had 6-year term for president and gave pres and item veto (veto only part of a bill) - Denied Conf. congress powers to levy a protective tariff and to appropriate funds for internal improvements - Prohibited The foreign slave trade - President Jefferson Davis - Tried to increase executive powers during war but Southern governors resisted centralization - Conf. short of money - Tried loans, income taxes, and impressment of private property (paid little for war) - Caused severe inflation 2. First Years of a Long War, pp 271-2273 Key Concepts & Main Ideas Although Confederate leadership showed initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improved military leadership, more effective strategies, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South’s environment and infrastructure. Notes Analysis First Years of a Long War… Who had more victories in the first years of the war? the union - Initial expectation for short war First Battle of Bull Run… - July 1861: 30,000 troops marched from Washington DC to attack Conf. forces near Bull Run Creek at Manassas Junction VA - Conf. reinforcements under General Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson counterattacked and sent inexperienced Union troops back to Washington (after UnionStrategy… thought victory) Union - General in Chief Winfield Scott 3-part strategy for winning war - 1. Use US Navy to blockade Southern ports (aka Anaconda Plan) cutting off essential supplies from reaching Conf. - 2. Take control of Mississippi River to divide Conf. into two parts - 3. Raise and train an army of 500,000 to conquer Richmond - Important in achieving Northern victory (but difficult to raise so many troops) - Series of Union defeats Peninsula Campaign… - General George B. McClellan (new commander of Union army in East) insisted that troops be given long period of training before battle - March 1862: McClellan’s army invaded VA but stopped by Conf. General Robert E. Lee - After 5 months McClellan forced to retreat and ordered back to Potomac, replaced by General John Pope Explain how technological innovation impacted the war. Railroad helped transport many troops and equipment fast. A new weapons helped in the war and new war techniques. Better weapons and faster transportation helped increase the chance of good outcome. Second Battle of Bull Run… - Lee striked quickly at newly Pope’s army in Northern VA - Drew Pope into a trap, struck enemy’s flank, and sent Union army backward to Bull Run - Pope withdrew to the defenses of Washington Antietam….. - Sep. 22, 1862: Lee led army across the Potomac into MD and hoped that a major Conf. victory in a Union state would convince Britain to give official recognition and support to Conf. - McClellan restored in command of Union army; McClellan knew Lee’s battle plan - Union army intercepted invading Confederates at Antietam Creek in Sharpsburg MD - Bloodiest single day of combat in entire war=22,000 soldiers killed or wounded - Lee’s army retreated to VA and McClellan didn’t pursue Lee’s weakened army - Lincoln removed McClellan from commander b/c he was slow to follow - Decisive battle b/c Conf. failed to get open recognition and aid from a foreign power - Lincoln round enough encouragement in results of Antietam to claim a Union victory General Winfield Scott’s strategy turned out to be the winning strategy, although it wasn’t taken seriously at the time. Explain why it was mocked early on in the war. His plan was not an actual military plan Fredericksburg... - Replaced McClellan with more aggressive General Ambrose Burnside - Lincoln realized that strategy of reckless attack could have worse consequences than McClellan’s strategy of caution and inaction How was General Grant different from - December 1862: Union army under Burnside attacked Lee’s army at Fredericksburg Va and suffered immense losses (12,000 dead/wounded vs. General McClellen? 5,000 Conf. casualties) - Both generals slow to learn that improved weapontry made heroic charges McClellen was cautious while Grant took against entrenched positions drum risk - End 1862: awful magnitude of war clear with no clear military victor - 1862: disastrous year for Union minus one sea engagement and one West rivers engagement Monitor vs. Merrimac… - Union’s hopes for winning war depended upon ability to maximize economic and naval advantages by an effective blockade of Conf. ports (Anaconda Plan) - March 8, 1862: Conf. ship Merrimac attacked and sunk several Union wooden ships putting Anaconda plan blockade strategy in jeopardy - March 9, 1862: Ironclad Union ship Monitor engaged Merrimac in 5 hour fight - Draw but Monitor prevented Conf. ship from challenging US naval blockade - Marked turning point in naval warfare with wooden ships being replaced by ironclad ships Grant in the West… - Union campaign for control of MS River partly under command of Ulysses S. Grant - Early 1862: Grant stuck south from Illinois using combination of gunboats and army maneuvers to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on Cumberland River - Stunning victories - 14,000 Conf. taken prisoner and opened up state of MS to Union attack - Conf. army under Albert Johnston surprised Grant at Shiloh TN but Grant held ground and Conf. retreated w/ bad losses on both sides - April 1862: Grant’s drive down MS complemente by capture of New Orleans by Union navy under David Farragut 3. Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy and The End of Slavery, pp 274-276 Key Concepts & Main Ideas The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, its leadership, and the decision for emancipation eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War. Notes Analysis Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy… Explain why the South failed to develop an alliance with Great Britain. - Conf. expected that cotton would induce Britain or France to give direct aid to war effort - British looked forward to breakup of American democratic experiment Trent Affair… - Britain almost sided w/ Conf. in late 1861 - Conf. diplomats James Mason and John Slidell traveling to England on British streamer Trent to gain recognition - Union warship stopped British ship, removed Mason and Slidell, and brought them to US as POWs - Britain threatened war unless diplomats were released, and Lincoln gave in to demands - Mason & Slidell set free but failed to obtain full recognition of Conf. from British or France Confederate Raiders… - Conf. commerce raiders did much harm to US merchant ships - Alabama captured >60 vessels before sunk off coast of France by Union warship - Great Britain agreed to pay US $15.5 million for damages after war caused by South's commerce raiders - US minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams prevented threat - Conf. tied to purchase Laird rams (ships w/ iron rams) from Britain to use against Union naval blockade - Adams persuaded British gov to cancel the sale rather than risk war w/ the US Failure of Cotton Diplomacy… Factors why British didn’t recognize Confederacy: - “King Cotton” didn’t have the power to dictate another nation’s foreign policy (British got cotton elsewhere) - Southern cotton shortages didn’t affect British textile industry b/c imports from India and Egypt - General Lee’s setback at Antietam - Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1863) made the end of slavery an objective of Union, which was a position that appealed strongly to Britain’s working class B iti h j it i l l d ti l d f B it i Lee's set back at Antietam did not make the British see the Conf. army worth it and also most of the British liked the Union better because they also supported a nonslavery nation. Lincoln’s decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation changed the purpose of the war, enabling many African Americans to fight in the Union Army, and helping prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, bringing about the war’s most dramatic social and economic change… The End of Slavery… - Lincoln hesitant to take action against slavery as advocated by many of his Republican supporters - Concerns of 1. Keeping support of border states, 2. The constitutional protections of slavery, 3. The racial prejudice of many Northerners, and 4. The fear that premature action could be overturned in the next election - Enslaved individuals freed during Civil War b/c of military events, governmental policy, and their own actions Confiscation Acts… - May 1861: Union General Benjamin Butler refused to return captured saves to Conf. owners arguing that they were “contraband of war” - Power to seize enemy property used to wage war against the US was the legal basis for the first Confiscation act passed by Congress in August 1861 - After act passed many “contrabands” used their fleet to escape slavery by finding their way into Union camps - July 1862: Congress passed second Confiscation Act that freed persons enslaved by anyone engaged in rebellion against US - Empowered Proclamation… president to use freed slaves in the Union army in any capacity (battle) Emancipation - July 1862: Lincoln already used powers to free all enslaved persons in states at war with US - Justified policy as a “military necessity” - Delayed announcement of policy until gained support of conservative Northerners - Encouraged border states to come up with plans for emancipation w/ compensation to owners - After Battle of Antietam Lincoln issued warning that enslaved people in all states still in rebellion on Jan. 1, 1863 would be forever free Consequences… - Emancipation Proclamation only applied to enslaved people residing in Conf. states outside Union control (at first only free 1% of slaves) - Slavery in border states allowed to continue - Proclamation important b/c enlarged the purpose of the war - Union armies fighting against slavery instead of against secession - Added weight to Confiscation acts, and increased number of slaves who sought freedom by fleeing to Union lines - Authorized the use of freed slaves as Union soldiers To what extent was the Emancipation Proclamation responsible for the South’s failed “cotton diplomacy?” Defend your answer. The Emancipation Proclamation was a document that freed some slaves and with more slaves leaving their owners there was less people who worked the cotton fields. In what way was the Battle of Antietam a turning point in the war? It was the Union's first victory Thirteenth Amendment… - Phrases of US constitution legitimizing slavery stood in way of emancipation - Needed ratification of amendment in order to free all enslaved people in border states - December 1865: amendment abolishing slavery ratified Freedmen in the War… - After Emancipation Proclamation ¼ of slave population walked away from slavery to seek protection of approaching Union armies - 200,000 African Americans served in Union army and navy - Segregated into all-black units (i.e. MA 54th Regiment) and performed courageously under fire winning the respect of Union white soldiers - >37,000 African American soldiers died in the Army of Freedom Explain the significance of the 54th Regiment. #Glory It was the first all black unit in the Union army and gained a lot of respect by white soldiers 4. The Union Triumphs, 1863-1865 pp 277-279 Key Concepts & Main Ideas The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, its leadership, and the decision for emancipation eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War. Notes Analysis The Union Triumphs, 1863-1865… Support or refute the assertion that the Battle of Gettysburg was a more important turning point than the Battle of Vicksburg. - Conf. economy in desperate shape as planters and farmers lost control of slave labor force and an increasing number of poorly provisioned soldiers were deserting from the Conf. army Turning Point Came after Conf. army suffered two crushing defeats in West and East Vicksburg (West) - Spring of 1863: Union controlled New Orleans and most of MS River and surrounding valley - Union objective of securing complete control of MS river was close to accomplished - General Grant began siege of heavily fortified city of Vicksburg, MS - Union artillery bombarded city for seven weeks before Conf. finally surrendered city (& 29,000 soldiers) on July 4 - Federal warships now in control of full length of MS and cut off TX, LA, and AK, from rest of Confederacy Gettysburg… (east) - Lee took offensive by leading army into Union states of MD and PA - Hoped to destroy Union army or capture major Northern city in order to force the Union to call for peace or to gain foreign intervention - July 1, 1863: invading Conf. army surprised Union units at Gettysburg in southern PA - Most crucial battle of war and bloodiest (>50,000 casualties) - Lee’s assault on Union lines on second and third days destroyed key part of Conf. army - Remaining army retreated to VA Grant in Command… - 1864: Lincoln appointed Grant commander of all Union armies - Grant had strategy of war by attrition; aimed to wear down Conf. armies and systematically destroy vital lines of supply - Grant’s Army of Potomac suffered heavy casualties but never let up I support because the Battle of Gettysburg was the Unions victory and the Conf. demise. It ruined the Conf. major part of the army and caused the Conf. army to be really weak and have to retreat back to Virginia. Which turning point Battle was most essential in implementing General Winfield Scotts war strategy? Vicksburg because his strategy weakened the Conf. army Although Confederate leadership showed initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improved military leadership, more effective strategies, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South’s environment and infrastructure. - Grant succeeded in reducing Lee’s army in each battle and turning it into a defensive line around Richmond - Fighting foreshadowed trench warfare that would later characterise WWI - Fighting a modern “total” war against soldiers and civilians Sherman’s March… - General William Tecumseh Sherman key chief instrument for Grant - Led force of 100,000 men and set out from Chattanooga TN on campaign of destruction across GA and north into SC - Troops destroyed everything in path, burning cotton fields, barns and houses - September 1864: Sherman took Atlanta - helped Lincoln’s prospects for reelection - Marched into Savannah in December and completed campaign in February 1865 by setting fire to Columbia (capital of SC) and cradle of secession - Intended effects to break the spirit of Conf. and destroy Conf. will to fight on Election of 1864… - Democratic nominee for president General George McClellan=platform called for peace and had wide appeal of war-wary voters - Republicans renamed party the Unionist party to attract votes of “War Democrats” - Chose Lincoln as candidate again and Senator Andrew Johnson as running mate - Lincoln-Johnson ticket won majority of electoral votes but popular vote closer The End of the War… - Union blockade + Sherman’s march of destruction→spread hunger through South during winter of 1864-1865 - Grant continued to outflank Lee’s lines until they collapsed around Petersburg resulting in fall of Richmond on April 3, 1865 Explain the political impact of Sherman’s March to the Sea. broke the spirit of the Conf. army and destroyed conf. will to fight on Was Lincoln a popular president (while serving as President)? Defend your answer with evidence. yes because he saved the Union and freed the slaves Surrender at Appomattox… - Conf. gov tried to negotiate for peace but Lincoln accepted nothing short of restoration of Union and Jefferson Davis still demanded nothing less than independence - Lee retreated from Richmond w/ small army and tried to escape to mountains but cut off and forced to surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865 - Union general treated longtime enemy with respect and allowed Lee’s men to return to homes with their horses Assassination of Lincoln… - Lincoln delivered second inaugural address urging that the defeated South be treated benevolently - April 14, 1865: John Wilkes Booth shot and killed Lincoln while he was attending a performance in Ford’s Theater in Washington Why did General Grant treat General Lee with such respect at the end of the war? What is significant about this? Grant respected how hard he worked and knew how it was basically impossible for the Conf. to win. Grant knew that they were both humans and they were equal and showing disrespect was a wast of time for the both of them. - Co-conspirator attacked but only wounded Secr. of State William Seward - Attacks aroused fury of Northerners while the Conf. needed a sympathetic hearing - Loss of Lincoln’s leadership widely mourned but extent of loss not fully appreciated until two sections of reunited country had to cope with the overwhelming problems of post war Reconstruction