Colonial Society in the 18th Century Guided Reading

Guided Reading & Analysis: Colonial Society Chapter 3- Colonial Society in the 18th Century Reading Assignment: Ch. 3 AMSCO or other resource for content corresponding to Period 2. Purpose: This guide is not only a place to record notes as you read, but also to provide a place and structure for reflections and analysis using higher level thinking skills with new knowledge gained from the reading. Basic Directions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Pre-Read: Skim: Read the prompts/questions within this guide before you read the chapter. Flip through the chapter and note the titles and subtitles. Look at images and their read captions. Get a feel for the content you are about to read. Read/Analyze: Read the chapter. Remember, the goal is not to “fish” for a specific answer(s) to reading guide questions, but to consider questions in order to critically understand what you read! Write Write your notes and analysis in the spaces provided. (Image Source: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, History of Crime and Punishment) Key Concepts FOR PERIOD 2: Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control. SECTION 1 Guided Reading, pp 45-55 As you read the chapter, jot down your notes in the middle column. Consider your notes to be elaborations on the Objectives and Main Ideas presented in the left column. When you finish the section, analyze what you read by answering the question in the right hand column. 1. Population Growth pp 45-46 Key Concepts & Main Ideas Regional differences developed in the British colonies due to many factors, often creating conflict. European colonization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural contact. Notes Analysis Population Growth… At the start of the new century English Colonies had barely 250,000 Europeans and Africans. By 1775 they were 2,500,000 for the English meanwhile the black attained close to half a million more into the pop. List 3 main reasons Europeans came to the New World. European Immigrants… People came from England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland,, and Western/Central Europe (France and Germany). Many that came were either protestants or from French and German speaking kingdoms. Some sought economic opportunity by becoming an artisan or merchant. Most settled in middle colonies and western frontier of Southern colonies. Few went to new England due to Puritan control and limited land 2. To gain religious freedom and persecution. English… Still continued to cone however, fewer problems in England, less came over compared to other nations German… Settled west of Philadelphia (PA Dutch Country), they maintained language, customs, & religion (Lutheran, Amish, Brethren, Mennonite, and some smaller groups) they obeyed colonial laws. Showed little interest in English politics - (1775: 6% of pop.) Scots-Irish… English speaking settlers came from Northern Ireland. Ancestors that moved from Scotland to Ireland so they are called Scots-Irish. had 1. Economic opportunities 3. Fertile land and stable food supply. List 3 main differences between the German and Scots-Irish immigrants. 1. Scotch - Irish was forced to leave Ireland and go to the Americas 2. The German population is 6% compared to 7% of population 3. German’s kept up with religion, customs, and language little respect for the English government, who told them to leave Ireland (compromised 7% of the pop.) Other Europeans… Others were Huguenots (French protestants), the Dutch, and the swedes. (made 5% of the pop.) Africans… Largest group of non-English immigrants which did not emigrate by choice. They were held captive, forced onto ships, sold as slaves to southern plantation owners. Some were given freedom after years of forced labor. Outside the south, Africans worked as laborers, bricklayers, blacksmiths. Some of these Africans were slaves, others were free wage workers and property owners. Every colony passed laws that discriminated and limited their rights. In 1775 both enslaved and free slaves made 20% of the whole population.Most were in southern colonies. Explain 2 reasons the African immigrants differed from the other groups. 1. Africans were forced onto European ships 2. Africans rights and opportunities were limited because they were discriminated by the laws that every colony passed 2. The Structure of Colonial Society, p 47 Key Concepts & Main Ideas Cultural diversity contributed to the development of regional differences as well as a new identity. Notes Analysis General Characteristics… Most of the population was English in origin, laguage, traditions, but the Africans and non English immigrants brought new influences that changed the culture. List three major ways identity and way of life in the colonies differed from England. Self-Government… Government of each colony had a representative assembly elected by voters (white, male property owners). Only two colonies -Rhode Island and Connecticut- had a governor were either appointed by crown (NY and VA) or by proprietor (PA and Maryland) 2. led to a higher standard of living than a European life Religious Toleration… All colonies permitted practice of different religions, but to different degrees. Massachusetts- most coservative was accepting several types of protestants but no non-christians and Catholics. PA and Rhode Island were most liberal. No Hereditary Aristocracy… Colonies did not have the strict hereditary of Europe. A narrower class system, based on economy, was developing.Craft workers and small farmers were the majority of common people while wealthy landowners made the top. Social Mobility… Almost all people had the opportunity to improve their life and status by hard work except for African Americans. The Family… Economic and social center of colonial life. Expanding economy, and ample food supply led to more people marrying young and having more kids than Europe. 90% of people lived on farms and life on the coast/ frontier was hard. Colonials have a higher standard of living than Europeans. Men… English law gave the husband unlimited power at home which included beating his wife. Men worked and landowning was reserved only for men. Women… Eight was the average number of kids a woman bore while doing the cooking, cleaning, making, clothes, providing medical care, teaching, and working next to husband on the plantation,in the shop and on the farm. Divorce was legal, but rare. Women had limited political and legal rights, but the shared labor and mutual dependence on husband gave women protection from abuse and role in decision making. 3. The Economy, p48 1. Narrower class system (economics) 3. People married when younger and had more children -economy expansion, well food supply List three ways colonial society differed from modern day society. 1. Colonial society had slavery 2. Class system 3. The social and political roles of men and women Key Concepts & Main Ideas Notes Analysis Along with other factors, environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contributed to regional differences. The Economy… Britain’s world trade was mostly in the colonies. Britain restricted things like Rum and flour from colonial manufacturing because it did not want anything to compete with England (especially textiles). American land and mercantile systems made colonies almost all agriculture. Quickest way tobe wealthy was through land & when communities and people increased, so did the amount of ministers, lawyers, teachers, doctors, and etc. How did Britain influence the developing colonial economy? Did not allow any colony the manufacturing of goods because they wanted no one to compete with them. New England… Rock soil & long winters made it hard for farming land. Most farms were small (100 acres). Most work was done by a family member or a hired worker. Most industrious were descendants of puritans and profited from fishing, shipbuilding, rum distilling, and logging. Along with other factors, environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contributed to regional differences. Middle Colonies… Rich soil, wheat, corn for export to Europe and West Indies. Farms (200 acres). Indentured servants and laborers worked with farm families. Variety of manufacturing developed (iron melding). Trading helped grow cities like NY and Philly) Southern Colonies… Diverse geography and climate made agriculture vary. Most lived in small farms w/out slaves. Very few lived on plantations (2000). Tobacco was popular in Chesapeake and NC. Timber and naval shores (tar and pitch) were in the carolinas. Rice and indigo was in SC and GA. Most plantations were on the river to ship directly to europe. Monetary System… The British controlled the colonial economy by limiting the use of money. Colonies were forced to use the limited currency made of gold and silver to pay for imports from Britain. For domestic trade, the colonies used paper money (led to inflation). Britain vetoed colonial laws that might harm British merchants. What do all three regions have in common economically? All three regions have traded agriculture and goods with England. How did transportation impact colonial regions differently? Most settlements were close to the rivers for easy trade and they helped with the creation of taverns that had the biggest impact. Transportation… Transporting by water was easier than carrying goods over bumpy roads, so trading centers like Boston, NY, Philly, and Charleston were on good harbors and rivers. Despite the hardships faced on the road and expenses it became more popular in the 18th century. Taverns provided travelers with food, lodging, abd social centers to talk about politics, A postal system using horses and small ships operated in and between colonies. 4. Religion, pp 49-50 Key Concepts & Main Ideas Britain’s desire to maintain a viable North American empire in the face of growing internal challenges and external competition inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, stimulating increasing resistance from colonists who had grown accustomed to a large measure of autonomy. Notes Analysis Religion… Although Maryland was founded by a Catholic and NY and Boston attracted some Jews, the majority of colonies were Protestant denominations. New England Congregationalists (Puritan Successors) and Prebysterians were most common. In PA, Mennonites, Quakers, and Lutherans were most common while the anglicans dominated Virginia and some southern colonies. In New York the Dutch attended reformed churches and merchants belonged to the Anglicans. Explain why there was so much conflict between and among so many religious groups. With several religious groups, many problems came into factor such as how each group had different opinions and beliefs and with that came confusions. It was unknown what was right and who they should believe in. Challenges… Each religious group faced a set of problems. Primarily, the Jews, Catholics, and Quakers suffered from serious discrimination and persecution. Congregationalist ministers were criticized by others as domineering and for preaching too complex sermons. The Church of England was headed by the King and was an England symbol in the colonies. There was no bishop in America to ordain ministers so this dec. C.O.E development. Established Churches… (17th century) Colonial government taxed people to support a protestant denomination. Churches financially supported by the government were known as established churches (VA - Church of England, MA - congregational church). As colonies got diverse, the government reduced their support. In VA, all taxes for church stopped after the Revolutionary War. (Mass. members of other churches didn’t have to pay tax. Some taxes stayed till 1830’s. The Great Awakening… (18th century) Sermons in protestant churches, long and intellectual, portrayed god as being a creator of a perfectly ordered universe. Ministers gave less emphasis than in Puritan times of sinfulness and damnation. 1730’s, dramatic change through colonies, movement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feelings among masses of people - 1730’s - 1740’s Jonathan Edwards… Expressed Great Awakening ideas, in a sermon of “One sinner’s in The Hands of An Angry God 1741).” Edwards argued that God was angry with human sinners, each who accepted deep penitence were forgiven and saved by God’s grace, those who didn’t were cursed with eternal damnation. George Whitefield… Came from England 1739. Spreading the Great Awakening through colonies, sermons attracted close to 10,000 people in barns, fields, tents, and preached that God is all powerful and would save only those who believed in Jesus. Those who did not would go to hell and be damned.. Taught that ordinary people could read the bible and did not need ministers. Defend the following statement with 3 pieces of evidence: The spirit of rebellion responsible for the American Revolution began in the First Great Awakening. 1. allowed for colonies to join together, create an identity, and form a union. 2. ministers established their own schools and churches that promoted opinions and ideas of religious freedom. 3. The great awakening churches allowed freedom of thought and were to be democratic. New religious beliefs sought equality Religious Impact… Sinners became saved (very emotional experience) and it became a common part of Protestants. Ministers lost some authority since people studied the bible on their own. Caused conflicts between those supporting it (New Lights) between those condemning (Old Lights). Baptist and Methodists grew. This called for separation of church and state. Political Influence… Great Awakening affected all parts of life, including politics. Colonists, no matter social class, shared the same experience. It changed how people saw authority (democratizing effects). If common people can make religious decisions w/ out authority, they can make their own political decisions. Revolutionary ideas (1740’s) but 30 years later resulted in the American Revolutionary War when they took action. 5. Cultural Life, pp 50-53 Key Concepts & Main Ideas Many factors contributed to regional differences. Over time the colonies began to develop unique identity. Britain’s desire to maintain a viable North American empire in the face of growing internal challenges and external competition inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, stimulating increasing resistance from colonists who had grown accustomed to a large measure of autonomy. Notes Analysis Cultural Life… How “American” was colonial art? To what extent does it illustrate the development of a new/different society? (1600’s)- colonists main concern was economic survival, so there was no time for leisure and activities. 100 years later, colonist pop. grew and matured so the arts began to flourish, especially w/ southern planters and northern merchants. Achievements in the Arts and Sciences… As fear of Indians faded, people showed prosperity through architecture and decorative styles. The art was not made by professional artists, like usual, but artists that went around and painted family portraits while expressing themselves through art independently. Architecture… - The Georgian style of London was imitated by colonial homes, brick homes characterized by windows, dormers, center halls, and two fireplaces. Found only on/near eastern seaboard. Frontier was log cabins. Painting… Went around to different families asking if they wanted portraits done. Ben West and John Copley went to England before the Rev. War and gained training and supplies. Prospered upon returning. Literature… Most authors write serious topics like religion and politics. Writers like John Adams, James Otis, John Dickinson, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson all issued political essays and treatises exploring English/ American conflicts in the years leading up to Rev. War. Lack of support for literature did not stop it. Philis Wheatley’s poetry is notable for both triumph over slavery and quality of her verse. Most popular was Ben Compare the importance and opportunity of education in the North to that in the South.Why were these two regions so different when it came to education? In the south, plantations and slavery were rather more important than going to school and learning compared to the north were they focused more on Franklin. His aphorisms and advice was put into Poor Richard’s Almanack education. Parents in the south usually taught their kids to the best of their abilities. Science… Most scientists (like John Bartham of Philly) were self taught. Ben Franklin won fame for his work in electricity (Franklin Stove, bifocal eyeglasses). Education… Basic education was limited and varied among colonies. Formal efforts were towards males. Females only trained for housework. Elementary Education… In New England, Puritan’s emphasis on learning the Bible led to the first tax supported school. Massachusetts law in 1647 required towns of more than 50 families to have primary schools for boys, towns of more than 100 families had to establish grammar schools to prepare boys for college. In middle colonies, schools were either church -sponsored or priced. Teachers lived with their families. In southern colonies the parents would educate their children best they could. Higher Education… Sectarian promoted first colonial colleges were doctrines of particular religious groups. Puritans founded Harvard (1636) in order to give Candidates for ministry a proper theological and scholarly education. Anglicans started William and Mary in Virginia (1694). Congregationalists created Yale (1701). After the Great Awakening five colleges were created. (1746-1769) Compare the social hierarchy of ministers, doctors, and lawyers in the colonial era to the modern era. Why the change? Ministers were respected by the commoners or colonists because at that time no one had thought of education and it seemed like they had the most amount of knowledge at that time. However, lawyers and doctors now surpass ministers due to their level of education and knowledge they gained by going to school rather than being self taught. Ministry… (17th century) Ministry was the only profession to enjoy widespread respect from the community. Ministers were also often well-educated. Physicians… Many colonists tried to treat diseases like smallpox and diphtheria with cures that made them worse. A beginning doctor had little formal education and would serve as an apprentice to an older physician. The first medical college was at College of PA and Ben Franklin sponsored it. Lawyers… The political thought of the Enlightenment and greater religious independence and diversity created conflict between Britain and her colonies. Were viewed as talkative troublemakers and were not common. During this time, individuals would argue their own case before the colonial magistrate. (1700’s) trade expanded and legal problems became more complex. People needed assistance. Most able lawyers created a bar (or comimitte) which set rules and standards for young lawyers. Lawyers gained more respect when they argued for colonial rights. - John Adams, James Otis, and Patrick Henry were lawyers who provided the intellectual underpinning of the American Revolution. List/Describe three ways the press influenced the development of the American identity. 1. Helped spread information 2. Freedom of speech 3. freedom of press The Press… News and ideas circulated the colonies principally by means of postal system and printing press. Over time the colonies began to develop unique identity. Newspapers… (1725) only 5 newspapers were in the colonies. By 1776, there were 40. Issued weekly, one sheet was folded once to create 4 pages. Colonial papers had month old news from Europe, ads, wanted slaves posters, and essays for advice on better living. illustrations were rare in newspapers. The first cartoon was in the Philadelphia Gazette and was by Ben Franklin. The Zenger Case… Newspapers were always at risk of being jailed for libel, if it offended an authority. John Peter Zenger, New York editor & publisher was tried for libel against NY’s royal governor. His Lawyer argued what was said was true. Jury ignored English law, which said even if it was true they can still be jailed for libel. Jury acquitted Zenger. Did not guarantee freedom of press but it did encourage press to take greater risks. Rural Folkways… Majority of colonists rarely saw Newspapers or read any book besides the bible. Farmers on the frontier or even a few miles from the coast worked frim sunrise to sundown. Farmer’s year was divided into four seasons: (1) spring planting (2) summer growing (3) fall harvesting (4) winter preparations. Food was plentiful, but light and heat were limited to a kitchen fireplace and well placed candles. How did the Enlightenment threaten the English empire? The Enlightenment helped express many new ideas that made Americans question their rights and beliefs along with English’s control Entertainment was card playing, horse racing (southern colonies), theater going (middle colonies) and religious lectures (Puritan New England) The Enlightenment… (18th century) some educated Americans felt attracted to the movement in literature and philosophy happening in Europe. The leaders of the movement believed that darkness of the past could be corrected by use of human reason in solving most of humanity’s problems. Major influence in america was John Locke (English Philosopher), wrote “Two Treaties of the Government” where he said, while state is supreme, it is bound to follow natural laws based on the rights that people are human. he argued that sovereignty resides in people not state. he said citizens had a right and obligation to revolt against the state if they did not protect their rights. Others adopted Locke’s ideas and his principles were later used in the U.S. Constitution. Emergence of a National Character… Colonists' motivation for leaving Europe, the political heritage of the English majority, and the influences of the American natural environment combined to bring about a distinctly American viewpoint and way of life. Especially among white male property owners, colonists exercised the rights of free speech and free press became accustomed to electing representatives to colonies, assemblies and tolerated a variety of religions. English travelers in colonies remarked that Americans were restless enterprising, practical and forever seeking to improve their circumstances. 6. Politics, pp 54-55 Key Concepts & Main Ideas Notes Analysis The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the “Atlantic World” had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America. Politics… Explain how and why colonies of the world’s most powerful empire developed unique, independent system of governing. Each government was formed based on the colonies' needs, while the colonies were far away from Britain and were able to prosper and expand on their own. They were able to develop a unique form of government. . Britain’s desire to maintain a viable North American empire in the face of growing internal challenges and external competition inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, stimulating increasing resistance from colonists who had grown accustomed to a large measure of autonomy. Proprietary colonies – governors appointed by the proprietor By 1750’s the 13 colonies had similar systems of government with governors acting as executive and separate legislative voting either to adopt or reject governor’s proposed laws. Structure of Government… There were eight royal colonies appointed by king, Legislature consisted of 2 houses, Lower house or assembly voted for or against taxes, upper house/council were appointed by the king or proprietor Royal colonies - governors appointed by the Two houses: lower house (colonists) and upper house (appointed by king or proprietor) Local Government… Local governments had town meetings (New England) usually in a church, Colonists in New England established towns and villages, clustering homes around an open space known as a green. In Southern colonies towns and the plantations were widely separated. Southern colonies' local government was carried on by a law-enforcing sheriff who served a large territorial unit called a county. Voting… Religious restrictions were removed in Massachusetts, Barred from voting are: white women, poor white men, slaves of both sexes, free blacks, Voters are requires a small amount of property, Membership to house of burgesses in VA was tightly restricted Read Historical Perspectives on page 55. Which viewpoint do you agree with the most? Explain your choice. I agree with the 2nd point of view because democracy would give the colonists an option to have a say in things, but because the meetings did not include this aspect it takes away the true form of democracy. Section 2: HIPP “On Being Brought from Africa to America” “‘Twas mercy brought me from my pagan land Taught my benighted soul to understand That there’s a God, that there’s a savior, too; Once I redemption neither sought nor knew. Some view our sable race with scornful eye, ‘Their color is a diabolic lie.’ Remember, Christians, Negroes black as Cain May be refined and join the angelic train.” (1766, Phillis Wheatley) Historical Context: Intended Audience: Author’s Purpose: Author’s Point of View: 🡨John Singleton Copley was a very talented painter who went abroad to help develop his skills, like most painters had to do. One of his most famous paintings is this portrait of Paul Revere. John Trumbull also studied in Europe, and he did paint many of our founders. The signing of the Declaration of Independence is one of his most famous pieces. Charles Wilson Peale was one of the best-known American painters of the eighteenth century and one of the few to make his career in the United States rather than Europe. Originally apprenticed as a saddler, he was forced out of that trade because he joined the Sons of Liberty and most of his customers were Loyalists. He then became interested in art and studied under John Singleton Copley in Boston and Benjamin West in London. West painted Franklin Drawing Lightning from the Sky 🡪 🡨Peale painted Washington seven times, including this portrait. How would you characterize American art based on these examples? Think HIPP! Historical Context: Intended Audience: Author’s Purpose: Author’s Point of View: