Nationalism and Economic Development, 1816-1848 Notes

Nationalism and Economic Development, 1816-1848 - James Monroe president in 1816, his two terms is the “Era of Good Feelings” The Era of Good Feelings - Monroe years marked with nationalism, optimism, and goodwill - Federalists faded while DR dominated politics - Actual period of good feelings 1816-Panic of 1819 - James Monroe - - - Continued the Virginia Dynasty (⅘ presidents from virginia, Adams from MA) - Jefferson’s minister and secretary of state during Madison’s presidency - Defeated Rufus King (Federalist) by a lot and Federalist party vanished - Under Monroe, acquired Florida, Missouri Compromise, and Monroe Doctrine Cultural Nationalism - Most who voted for monroe were young Americans who wanted to expand westward - Patriotic themes in every aspect of American society, art to school books and paintings Economic Nationalism - Improved roads and canals, protected budding of US industries from European competition - Tariff of 1816 - Before war, low tariffs; during war, US erected factories, after war, Americans afraid British goods take away their business so Congress raised tariffs to protect US manufacturers (first protective tariff in US history) - Only NE opposed (little manufacturing) while south and west thought it was needed Henry Clay’s American System - Clay of Kentucky and leader in House made method for nation’s economic growth had 3 parts - (1) protective tariff; (2) national bank; (3) internal improvements Argued protective tariffs would promote American manufacturing and raise funds for national transportation system (federally constructed roads and canals) - - National bank would keep system running smoothly by providing national currency - Internal improvements would promote growth in South and West - 2 parts of plan already in place at the end of Madison’s presidency (protective tariff & bank) - Monroe objected spending funds on roads (constitution never gave right) so states did themselves Panic of 1819 - First major financial panic since Constitution ratified - Mostly caused by 2nd bank of US which had tightened credit to control inflation - Most severe in the west because they speculated on and during postwar euphoria - State banks closed, unemployment, bankruptcies, imprisonment for debt rose Bank of US foreclosed large amounts of western farmland Changed views of people, against national bank and debtors’ prisons - Political Changes - Federalist party decline because failure to adapt to growing nation - Changes in DR Party - Some members stuck with old beliefs like John Randolph while most others adopted Federalist - Some reversed views from time to time like Daniel Webster against high tariffs then supported - In election of 1824, 4 other DR nominated and split the DR part into 2 rival parties beliefs like supporting bank and large army them in 1828 and John Calhoun who also reversed positions Marshall’s Supreme Court and Central Government Powers - Fletcher v Peck (1810) - Case involving land fraud in Georgia, Marshall concluded the state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract. First time Supreme court ruled state law unconstitutional - Martin v Hunter’s Lease (1816) - Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819) - Established Supreme Court has jurisdiction over state courts involving constitutional rights NH law made private Dartmouth College into public institution, Marshal said unconstitutional and private corporation could not be altered by the state - McCulloch v Maryland (1819) - Maryland tried to tax 2nd Bank of US but couldn;t tax federal institution and federal laws were supreme over state laws - Marshal also ruled Constitution gave federal government implied power to create bank Cohens v Virginia (1821) - Cohen's brothers convicted from Virginia for selling illegal lottery tickets for lottery authorized by Congress for Washington DC - Marshal established principle that Supreme Court could review state court’s decisions involving any powers of the federal government - Gibbons v Ogden (1821) - NY try to grant monopoly to a steamboat company, ruled unconstitutional and established the federal government’s broad control to interstate commerce Western Settlement and the Missouri Compromise - Reasons for Westward Movement - Acquisition of American Indians’ Lands: land was open for settlement after Indians driven from lands by victories of William Henry Harrison in the Indiana Territory and Ander Jackson in Florida & South - Economic Pressures: embargo in north caused people to leave; in south, tobacco farmers need new land - Improved Transportation: roads, steamboats, canals, and railroads provided easier transportation methods - Immigrants: cheap land prices in the Great lakes and valleys of Ohio, Cumberland, and MI rivers attracted europeans to America - New Questions and Issue - States in west had small populations so to enhance political influence, western reps bargained with politicians from other sections to obtain: cheap money from state banks rather than bank of US, low prices for land sold by federal government, and improved transportation - Slavery was an issue westerners couldn’t agree on, south wanted, norht didn’t - - 1819, Missouri Territory applied for statehood, slavery became angry subject of debate The Missouri Compromise - Congress attempted to preserve a sectional balance between North and South (free & slave) - Although north more reps in house (105 to 81) same in senate (11 to 11) and south could block - Missouri, first part of Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood had already established slavery, legislation that threatened their section would ruin political balance in South’s favor - People worried about future status of other new territories applying for statehood Tallmadge Amendment - James Tallmadge of NY ignites debate over Missouri, proposed amendment to bill for Missouri's admission - Bill prohibits further introduction of slaves into Missouri and required children of Missouri slaves to be emancipated at the age of 25 - - - Amendment defeated in senate as southerners thought it was effort to abolish slavery completely Clay’s Proposals Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that made up Missouri Compromise - 1) admit Missouri as a slave state - 2) admit Maine as a free state - 3) Prohibit slavery in rest of Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36o 30’ Aftermath: sectional feelings of slavery subsided after 1820 and Missouri compromise perserved sectional balance for over 30 years (era of good feelings continued) Foreign Affairs - Canada - Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) - Treaty of 1818 - Strictly limited naval armament on the Great Lakes and placed border between Canada and US Improved relation between US and Britain, continued in a treaty that provided shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland; joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for 10 years; and setting northern limits of Louisiana Territory at the 49th-parallel, establishing border - Florida - During war of 1812, US troops occupied western Florida Spain had to remove troops from Florida to battle revolts in South America which gave Monroe and Andrew Jackson opportunity to take military action in Florida - Jackson’s Military Campaign - President commissioned Jackson to stop raiders so he led militia to Florida, burnt Seminole - Congress worried it would start war, sec of state John Quincy Adams told Monroe to support villages, hund 2 Seminole chiefs, drove out the Spanish governor, and hung 2 British traders Jackson and British decided not to intervene - Florida Purchase Treaty (1819) - Spain gave Florida and Oregon Territory to US for $5 million in claims against Spain and give up any US territorial claims to the Spanish province of Texas (aka Adams-Onis Treaty) - The Monroe Doctrine - British and US had common interest in protecting NA & SA from European aggression - British Initiative - George Canning proposed to Richard Buch (US minister in London) a joint Anglo-American warning to the European powers not to intervene in South America - American Response - Monroe and most thought it made sense but John Quincy Adams disagreed - Believed action would restrict westward expansion, he reason: if the US acted alsoe, Britain could be counted upon to stand behind the US policy; no European power would go to war in SA and if did, British would defeat easily - The Doctrine - Dec. 2 1823, Monroe declared that US opposed European attempts to interfere in the affairs of any republic in the Western Hemisphere - Impact - Applauded by the Americans but forgotten as most were concerned with domestic issues - Foreign monarchs and Britain angry/annoyed National Economy - - Population Growth (pop doubled 1800-1825) - Provided both the laborers and consumers required for industrial development - Higher birthrate and after 1830, many immigrants from Europe - African Americans and Indian population grew despite slave trade ending in 1808 Transportation - Roads - PE’s Lancaster Turnpike, built in 1790s, connected Philadelphia with rich farmlands around - States blocked spending federal funds on internal improvements so highways were unusual Lancaster, its success stimulated construction of other roads that connected major cities by 1820 - Exception, Cumberland Road went west from Maryland to Illinois Canals - Erie Canal in NY was major success and stimulated many others to be built - Canals lowered food price in East and brought more immigrants to west, strengthened economic ties between two sections - Steamboats - Developed by Robert Fulton, began in 1807 with successful strop up the Hudson River, commercial operated steamboats made trips on rivers faster and cheaper - Railroads - First built in 1820s, first had safety problems but then competed with canals as other method for transportation - Growth of Industry - At start of 19th century, manufacturing barely started and at the end, it was world’s leader - Mechanical Inventions - Corporations for Raising Capital - Eli Whiteney was famous for developing cotton gin and a system of interchangeable parts - In 1811, NY passed law making it easier for businesses to raise money by selling shares of stock - Changes in state corporation laws facilitated the raising of large sums of capital necessary for building factories, canals, and railroads - Factory system - Samuel Slater took British secrets for developing cotton-spinning machines to the US and - The embargo and war of 1812 stimulated domestic manufacturing and protective tariffs helps it developed the first factory in 1791 prosper - 1820s, NE was country’s leading manufacturing center (abundant water power for machines and - Other northern states followed NE’s lead and expanded factory system seaports for shipping) - Labor - Hard to find factory workers because couldn’t compete with cheap land in the west - Textile mill in Lowell, MA hired women and housed in dormitories, others copied and many used child labor, immigrants were employed later on - Unions - Trade unions organized in major cities increased in number as factory system expanded - Many skilled workers had to work in factories bc couldn’t compete with low prices of mass produced items - Commercial Agriculture - Cheap Land and Easy Credit - Large areas of western land made cheap by federal government; state banks made it easy to acquire by providing farmers with loans at low interest rates - Markets - - Cotton and the South Canals and railroads opened new markets in the growing factories in the East - The principal cash crop in the South mostly because of Whitney’s cotton gin More profitable than tobacco and indigo so invested in slaves and new land in Alabama and MI ad shipped most cotton overseas to British textile factories - Effects of the Market Revolution - End of self sufficient households - Women - Seeked employment in cities were limited to domestic service or teaching; factory jobs like Lowell weren’t common - - Most working women were single, if married left and took up duties in the home - Gained more control over lives but legal restrictions remained like voting Economic and Social Mobility - Wages improved for most but gap between wealthy and poor increased - Social mobility occurred one generation to next and economic opportunities greater in US than Europe - Slavery - Hoped slavery would gradually disapeer as coastal lands exhausted and constitution ban slave - Cotton industry grew, slavery rapidly grew into new states like Alabama and MI trade