Ethical Decision Making Answer Key Part 1

Ethical Decision Making 1. Which of the following is the first step in the ethical decision-making process? a. Being socialized into the firm's corporate culture b. Applying a personal moral philosophy in order to individualize the ethical decisionmaking process c. Recognizing that an ethical issue exists d. Soliciting the opinions of others in a work group or in the overall business in order to gain feedback e. Enforcing the firm's ethical standards with rewards and punishment ANSWER: c 2. When confronted with an ethical issue, workplace, family, religion, legal system, community, and profession are known as an individual’s six _______. a. individual factors b. spheres of influence c. external controls d. internal controls e. ethical cultures ANSWER: b 3. The relevance or importance of an ethical event or decision in the eyes of the individual, work group, and/or organization is referred to as _______. a. organizational culture b. immediate job context c. ethical issue intensity d. leadership e. locus of control ANSWER: c 4. Studies have found that more than a third of the unethical situations that lower- and middle-level managers face come from which of the following? a. Stakeholder expectations and pressures b. Pressures to satisfy customers c. Pressures from the government to perform at a high level d. Internal pressures and ambiguity surrounding internal organizational rules e. Struggles to obey relevant laws ANSWER: d 5. According to the ethical decision-making framework for unethical behavior, the absence of punishment provides which of the following? a. Reason b. Immediate job context c. Individual factor d. Opportunity e. Ethical issue intensity ANSWER: d 6. Which of the following has been found to decrease unethical practices and increase positive work behavior? a. A high level of educational attainment b. A high level of community involvement c. Charismatic leadership d. A strong religious belief system e. The existence of good personal values or morals e ANSWER: 7. Which of the following describes the situation when subordinates simply follow the directives of a superior without question, demonstrating the influence that workplace significant others can exert? a. Obedience to authority b. Locus of control c. Opportunity d. Transactional leadership e. Immediate job context ANSWER: a 8. Multiple elements work on individuals to affect their behavior. While an individual may intend to do the right thing, which of the following can alter this intent? a. Cognitive dissonance b. Familial expectations c. Religious beliefs d. A desire for financial gain e. Organizational or social forces ANSWER: e 9. Normative approaches focus on which of the following? a. How organizational decision makers should approach an issue b. Methods for adopting values and norms within an organization c. Models that describe an individual's moral philosophies d. Ways to determine the moral intensity of an ethical issue e. Positive outcomes, including firm probability and benefits to society ANSWER: a 10. Which of the following can be defined as a set of values, norms, and artifacts, including ways of solving problems shared by members of an organization? a. Corporate culture b. Intentions of a corporation c. Ethical issue awareness d. Determination of a corporation e. Individual factors ANSWER: a 11. What an individual expects to receive from others in the social environment in terms of overt social approval, status, and esteem is referred to as _______. a. opportunity b. immediate job context c. external rewards d. normative approaches e. internal control ANSWER: c 12. Codes, rules, and compliance are essential in organizations. However, an organization is more likely to develop a high integrity corporate culture when it is built on which of the following? a. A charismatic leader b. The preferences of the CEO c. The grapevine d. Formal relationships e. Informal relationships ANSWER: e 13. Following the ethical directives of a superior relates to which of the following concepts? a. Internal locus of control b. Obedience to authority c. Moral intensity d. Gender e. Ethical issue intensity ANSWER: b 14. Those who have influence in a work group and provide advice and information in both formal and informal ways are related to which of the following concepts? a. External control b. Internal control c. Significant others d. Institutional theory e. Instrumental concern ANSWER: c 15. Studies have shown that within an organization, which of the following will have more impact on a worker's decisions on a daily basis than any other factor? a. Significant others b. Religion c. Education d. Chief executive officers e. Ethical issues ANSWER: a 16. External and internal rewards relate to which part of the ethical decision-making framework? a. Individual factors b. Significant others c. Cognitive moral development d. Obedience to authority e. Opportunity ANSWER: e 17. Philosopher John Rawls believed which of the following to be true? a. Political institutions significantly influence the development of values. b. Ethical decision-making models should only use normative approaches. c. Competition should be completely free of government intervention. d. Justice principles are beliefs that everyone can accept. e. Opportunity factors have the greatest influence over business ethical decision making. ANSWER: d 18. Which of the following is the first sign that an unethical decision has occurred? a. Guilt b. Reward c. Punishment d. Cognitive dissonance e. Happiness ANSWER: a 19. People who go with the flow because they feel the events in their lives are uncontrollable believe in _______. a. ethical decision making b. internal locus of control c. an ethical culture d. external locus of control e. significant others ANSWER: d 20. Which of the following is an individual factor that affects business ethics? a. Nationality b. Corporate culture c. Obedience to authority d. Significant others e. Opportunity ANSWER: a 21. Which of the following involves values and norms that prescribe a wide range of behavior for organizational members? a. Oversight b. Significant others c. Corporate culture d. Ethical culture e. The legal climate ANSWER: c 22. Which of the following does an ethical corporate culture need in order to monitor the complex ethical decisions being made by employees? a. Individual ethics and ethical issue intensity b. Ethical issue intensity and ethics training c. Organizational factors and individual factors d. Employee evaluations and good intentions e. Shared values and proper oversight ANSWER: e 23. Those who have influence in a work group are referred to as significant others. Which of the following are examples of this concept? a. Peers, managers, coworkers, and subordinates b. Family members, peers, and coworkers c. Spouses and friends d. Employees in similar job situations e. Employees who hold the same job ANSWER: a 24. Which of the following is true of research concerning nationality and the ability to make ethical decisions? a. Research shows no relationship between the two. b. Research shows it is hard to interpret in a business context because of cultural differences. c. Research suggests that organizations should be very concerned about an employee's nationality. d. Research suggests that corporations pay a lot of attention to such research. e. Research suggests that the influence of nationality on corporate culture is growing. b ANSWER: 25. Which of the following is true concerning the relationship between business ethics and age? a. It shows a negative correlation. b.It is simple, and greater experience leads to better ethical decision making. c. It is complex, although experience helps older employees make ethical decisions. d.It suggests that employees with less experience have a greater ability to deal with complex industry-specific ethical issues. e. ANSWER: c 26. Employees who believe they control the events in their lives by their own effort and skill are referred to as having a(n) _______. a. external locus of control b. moral intensity c. obedience to authority d. opportunity e. internal locus of control e ANSWER: 27. For people who begin the value shift that leads to unethical decisions, which of the following are usual justifications to reduce and eliminate guilt? (Select four) a. I need a paycheck and can't afford to quit right now. b. Those around me are doing it so why shouldn't I? c. If I don't do this, I might not be able to get a good reference from my boss when I leave. d. If I don't do this, I might never be promoted. e. This is in keeping with my personal morals and the code of conduct, so it is okay. ANSWER: a, b, c, d 28. Which of the following refers to the ability to perceive whether a situation or decision has an ethical dimension? a. Ethical issue intensity b. Locus of control c. Ethical awareness d. Moral intensity e. Opportunity ANSWER: c 29. Which of the following relates to individuals' perceptions of social pressure and the harm they believe their decisions will have on others? a. Ethical awareness b. Moral intensity c. Individual factors d. Ethical issue intensity e. Social awareness ANSWER: b 30. The ethical decision-making process in business includes which of the following? (Select four) a. Individual factors b. Opportunity c. Ethical issue intensity d. Society's view of the decision e. Organizational factors ANSWER: a, b, c, e