Intro to Etchics Quiz

Getting a vaccine that prevents illness is an example of something that is instrumentally valuable If something is intrinsically valuable, then it must be valuable for its own sake According to hedonism, the key ingredient to a good life is happiness. An example of attitudinal pleasure would be the enjoyment of listening to your favorite song. An example of a physical pleasure would be the sensation of a relaxing back massage. Hedonists believe that attitudinal pleasure is more important than physical pleasure. The first great hedonist in Western philosophy was Epicurus. According to hedonism, there are many different ways to live a good life. what is good for us is largely a matter of personal choice. most rules for living a good life have exceptions. Some people enjoy their own physical pain in certain circumstances. Hedonists would say that their physical pain is good for them in those circumstances. The fact that parents typically want their children to be happy doesn't prove that hedonism is either true or false The fact that we don't want our (cognitively normal) loved ones to get lobotomies is thought to raise a problem for hedonism. John Stuart Mill's critics claimed that hedonism was "a doctrine of swine." According to Epicurus, the ideal state of tranquility comes largely from moderation in all physical matters. intellectual clarity about what is truly important. According to Mill, intellectual and artistic pleasures are better than physical pleasures. According to hedonism, your life is good for you to the extent that you experience pleasure and avoid pain. To say that something is instrumentally valuable means that it is good because it helps us to achieve some other good. A theory of well-being is supposed to tell us which things are intrinsically good for us Which of the following does the hedonist believe is intrinsically valuable? the happiness that accompanies being healthy Hedonists make an important distinction between _________ and _________ pleasure. physical; attitudinal Who is widely regarded as the first great hedonist in Western philosophy? Epicurus Which of the following is an attraction of hedonism? It explains why there are many different types of good life. Hedonists typically support the claim that happiness has intrinsic value by claiming it is self-evident and is a starting point for thinking about well-being. How do hedonists regard most rules about how to live a good life? Many such rules are useful, but they have exceptions. What would a hedonist say about a person who sometimes enjoyed his or her own pain? Pain would sometimes be good for such a person. What is the point of Philippa Foot's example about the lobotomized patients? People with lobotomies are sometimes happy, and this is a problem for hedonism. The paradox of hedonism states that Those who try very hard to make themselves happy almost never succeed.. If it's true that single-mindedly pursuing happiness makes you less happy, then hedonism says single-mindedly pursuing happiness is not good for you. If hedonism is true, then the enjoyment a serial killer derives from committing his crimes is good for him. Hedonists overcome the "Evil Pleasures" objection by making a distinction between moral goodness and well-being. Hedonism is a theory about the value of lives for the people who lead them. According to the desire satisfaction theory of welfare something is intrinsically good for you if it satisfies your desires. only if it satisfies your desires. because it satisfies your desires. According to the Argument for Self-Interest, If something makes us better off, then we have reason to obtain it. Which of the following is a central claim of the desire satisfaction theory? The satisfaction of a desire always directly contributes to one's welfare. The satisfaction of desires is the only thing that directly contributes to one's welfare. The only reason for which anything can directly contribute to one's welfare is because it satisfies a desire. Which of the following is a common complaint about objective theories of welfare? They can't explain the relationship between well-being and motivation. Which of the following would the desire satisfaction theorist endorse? The satisfaction of any of your desires is intrinsically good for you. What is the paradox of self-harm? According to the desire satisfaction theory, it is impossible to intentionally harm yourself. According to the text, what does the existence of desires based on false beliefs show? The desire satisfaction theory needs to be modified. The satisfaction of even informed, self-interested desires doesn't seem to benefit us when we don't know the desire has been satisfied. The desire was not formed autonomously. The desire is merely a passing fancy. A pleasant surprise is an example of something that makes someone better off but does not satisfy any existing desire. Autonomy is the power to guide our life through our own free choices. The experience machine thought experiment is supposed to show that happiness is less valuable if it is based on false beliefs. According to hedonism, a pleasant life of illusion is ___________ an equally pleasant life based on real achievement and true beliefs equally as good as What is the paradox of hedonism? Those who try very hard to make themselves happy almost never succeed. The "experience machine" thought experiment is supposed to show the value of being in contact with reality. What is paternalism? limiting someone's liberty against her will for her own good Which of the following claims is the desire satisfaction theorist unable to endorse? Some desires are intrinsically better than others. Self-regarding desires are those desires that concern only yourself. Many people believe that religion is necessary for morality to exist at all. us to know the difference between right and wrong. us to be motivated to act morally Agnostics are people who are not sure whether God exists. Deists believe that God exists but does not give us moral guidance. The fear of hell is often thought to motivate people to do what they believe is right According to the text, those who act morally out of fear of God are doing the right thing for the wrong reasons. According to the Argument for God's Creation of Morality, the moral law requires a lawmaker. The Divine Command Theory states that acts are morally required just because they are commanded by God. In Plato's Euthyphro, Socrates asks, "Do the gods love actions because they are pious, or are actions pious because the gods love them?" If God's commands make actions right or wrong, then God . lacks reasons for his commands. If God has reasons for his commands, then actions are not right because God commands them. Omniscience is the property of being all-knowing. `If one has selected a religious text to rely on, then one must interpret the text in order to determine what it implies about morality. According to the textbook, extracting reliable moral knowledge from religious scriptures is difficult. According to the text, one can succeed in seeking divine guidance to lead a moral life only if belief in God can be justified. God exists. God offers moral advice. Which of the following assumptions was not examined in this chapter? All religions teach basically the same moral message. What is the term for a person who is not sure whether God exists? agnostic Which of the following claims would the deist accept? God exists but does not give us commands. According to the text, good moral character involves doing the right thing because it's the right thing to do What is the relationship between religion and moral motivation? Religion often motivates people to do the right thing. Divine Command Theory is the view that God's commands create morality. Which of the following is a premise in the Argument for God's Creation of Morality? Every law requires a lawmaker. What problem does Socrates's question in the Euthyphro raise for the Divine Command Theory? If the Divine Command Theory is true, then God's commands are arbitrary. If we are to be justified in relying on religion for moral guidance, we must have good reason to believe in God. a way of accurately interpreting our chosen religious text. a way of selecting which religious text is the correct one. Why is a literal reading of religious texts problematic? Such texts sometimes contradict themselves. According to natural law theory, an action is right if and only if it is in accordance with human nature. Which of the following is not a problem natural law theory promises to solve? why moral laws are eternal and unchanging A moral agent is an individual who is morally responsible for his or her actions. A conceptual truth is a claim that can be known simply by understanding it. Hume thought that moral knowledge couldn't be empirical because there is no way to get from descriptions to prescriptions. According to natural law theory, moral truths are empirical truths. According to natural law theory, discovering the essence of human nature is a scientific enterprise. Rousseau believed that people are inherently ___________, whereas Hobbes believed they are inherently ___________. cooperative; selfish The two most common secular ways of understanding the purposes of things are the __________ model and the __________ model. efficiency; fitness `To say that something enhances fitness is to say that it increases one's success at survival and reproduction. The term human nature is ambiguous. According to the text, to say a premise begs the question means that it assumes the truth of the conclusion it's meant to support