Globalization & Diversity: Study Guide

Globalization & Diversity Study Guide- Exam 1 Geography 101 Chapters 1 & 2 1. Map scale- Explain the difference between large map scale vs. small map scale. Large map scale covers a relatively small geographic area, where as short map scale covers a larger geographic region such as the entire world. Large: large around of detail. Short: small amount of detail Example of short map scale: entire state with towns and cities Examples of large map scale: homes, specific streets, schools, lights 2. Define Globalization. What are advantages and disadvantages of globalization? Globalization is the increasing association of people and places through the converging process of economic, political and cultural change. Some advantages of globalization are efficiency will be increased by new technology and ideas world wide, global wealth will increase, and less developed countries will catch up and develop more with globation. However, some disadvantages are the spread of undesirable aspects such as diseases, crime, harmful plants and animals. Additionally, another disadvantage is that globalization promotes commercialism which puts indigenous, local economies at risk. 3. The primary functions of: WTO, IMF, and World Bank. The WTO, which stands for world trade organization, promotes free trades and exports through negotiations and regulations between countries in the world. This helps promote economic development. IMF, which stands for International Monetary Fund helps provide loans to countries in the world that are dealing with balance of payment issues. Lastly, the world bank helps reduce poverty by lending money to less developed countries in order to help them achieve financial stability and economic growth. 4. Population. Define: RNI, TFR, population pyramid, life expectancy, the demographic transition model (4-5 stages), CBR, population density. Analyze the Demographic Transition Model . (pg 23.Fig. 1.27). When the natural population growth is low, when is high? RNI: The rate of natural increase, which is abbreviated as RNI, is the annual growth rate for a country or region as a percentage increase. It is solely determined by the rates of birth to the death rates in that country or region, which is calculated into a percentage. TFR: Total fertility rate is the average number of children born by a statistically average woman. Population pyramids are diagrams that depict the population of each country by gender (male and female) and age group. Life expectancy is the average length of life someone will live, which is expected at birth. This is related to nutrition, sanitation, health care, etc. The demographic transition model depicts the populations of countries by the increase and decrease of birth rates and death rates. Stage 1 of the model show that the birth rate and death rate are at the same level, which indicates no population growth. This is typical for developing countries. In stage 2, the death rate goes down, although the birth rate stays at the same level, which indicates high population growth. In stage 3, the birth rate drops, but with industrialization, the population grows. In stage 4, the birth and death rate are low, which indicates no population growth. The population is high, yet stable. The first stage is pre industrial. The second two stages are transitional, while the last stage is industrial. When the natural population growth is low, the birth and death rate are at the same level which is stage 1. CBR: Crude birth rate is the total number of births in a country divided by the total population. Population Density: The population of an area as measured by people per spatial unit, usually people per square mile or square kilometer. 5. What is the estimated Earth’s population? Which regions the population growth is the Largest? The estimated Earth’s population is more than 8 billion people right now. The regions in which population growth is the largest are from developing countries such as South Asia, India, etc. 6. Migration: The movement of the population from one country or region to another. Explain: - Push forces: Negative conditions that drive people away from a region. (Crime, poverty, war) Pull forces: Favorable conditions that attract people to a region. (economic opportunity, jobs, freedom, good climate) Net Migration Rate: A statistic that depicts whether more people are entering or leaving a country. Cultural Syncretism: The blending of elements of culture and religion to create a new culture. Imperialism: The promotion of one cultural system over another. (colonialism) Nationalism: The process of defending a cultural system against offensive cultural expansion while at the same time actively promoting local and national values. Lingua Franca- A third language that is adopted by people from different cultural groups within a country who cannot speak each other’s language 7. Universalizing religions vs. ethnic religions – explain the difference and give the Examples. Universalizing Religions are attempts to appeal to all people regardless of location or culture and help people convert, such as Christianity or Islam, whereas ethnic religions are identified closely with a specific ethnic group and don’t seek to convert people, such as Judaism. 8. What is the estimated number of members of all major religions? Christianity: 2 billion, Islam: 1.2 billion, Judaism: 14 million, Hinduism: 1.2 billion 9. Centrifugal forces vs. centripetal forces- explain the difference. Which countries are good examples for both. Centrifugal forces are cultural and political forces working in attempts to weaken or divide an existing state, such as ethnic separatism and territorial autonomy, while centripetal forces are promoting political unity and are in attempts to reinforce state structure, such as shared sense of history and needs for military security. 10.Growth vs. development – explain the difference. Growth is the increase in the size of a system, which means it is expanding and getting bigger, while development is the qualitative and quantitative measures that are indicating structural change. (getting better) 11. Define: GDP, GNI and GNI per capita. Explain the economic bubble. When it happens and what is followed by. ● GDP: gross domestic product is the value of all final goods and services produced within a country ● GNI: gross national income is the value of all final goods and services produced within a country, as well as the net income from abroad. ● GNI Per Capita: the figure that is obtained by dividing the gross national income by a country’s population ● Economic bubble: a period of time when the price of an item rises far above the item’s real value. Usually happens after war or pandemics, and is followed by credit card debt. 12. Absoulute location – explain latitude and longitude. What is a latitude and longitude of Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn , the Arctic and Antarctic Circles , Prime Meridian. (pg 15) ● Absolution location is the exact location of a place on earth, followed by latitude and longitude. ● Latitude: The angular distance north or south from the equator of a point on the earth’s surface. It is measured from 0 at the equator to 90 at the poles. ● Longitude: Longitude lines or meridians run north-south, from pole to pole, and measure distance east or west from the Prime Meridian (0 degrees) located in Greenwich, England near London. ● The latitude and longitude of the Tropic of cancer is 23.5 degrees North, while the tropic of Capricorn is 23.5 degrees south. ● The latitude and longitude of the Arctic is 66.5 degrees north. ● The latitude and longitude of the Antarctic Circles is 66.5 degrees south. ● The latitude and longitude of the prime meridian is 0 degrees. 13. How Koppen system describes the world’s diverse climates? What two major characteristics is the system based on? World climate regions”- pg 52 Figure 2.16. Explain letters: A, B, C, D, E, F. What are the sub- climates? (for example Mediterranean climate is sub -climate of C climate) The koppen system describes the world’s diverse climates because combinations of upper- and lower-case letters describe the general climate type, along with precipitation and temperature characteristics. The two major characteristics it’s based on are temperature and precipitation. A. Tropical- rainy and wet B. Dry, sahar, deserted C. Generally moderate and are found in the middle latitudes. D. Continental and high-latitude locations. Humid continental, warm summers E. Polar climates- very cold F. Complex mountain climates Sub climates are.. A. Tropical rainy, tropical monsoon, tropical wet, dry and savanna B. Steppe, desert C. Humid subtropical, marine west coast, mediterranean D. Humid continental, with dry season and warm summers. Humid continental with dry season and cool summer. Subarctic E. Tundra, ice cap F. Complex mountain climates 14. World bioregions - analyze major pattern of the world’s bioregions, ranging from tropical forest to arctic tundra. (pg 57- Bioregions and Biodiversity) Bioregions are areas defined by characteristics such as similar plant and animal life. These major patterns are deserts and xeric shrublands, mountain grasslands and shrublands, temperate grasslands, and savannas and shrublands. 15. Define and explain - subduction zone - A tectonic boundary where one colliding plate slips under another - divergent and convergent plate boundaries- A geologic boundary where tectonic plates move away from each other, in opposite directions, thereby creating either a rift zone, which is a depression or in other places, a ridge built of volcanic material. - Wegener's supercontinent theory – supercontinent Pangea (pg. 47) the hypothesis that the Earth’s continents have moved over geologic time, relative to teacher. All continents were once together and drifted - Ring of Fire - a region around much of the rim of the pacific ocean where many volcanic eruptions occur. Frequent earthquakes and volcanoes by the Pacific 16. What are the major GHGs? (either textbook or Power Points) The major GHGS are..carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, Chlorofluorocarbons, and various synthetic chemicals. 17. What is the Kyoto Protocol? What is the Paris Agreement? (pg 54-56) Which countries are the largest emitters of carbon dioxide? ● Kyoto Protocol: 38 industrialized countries agreed to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gasses to below 1990 levels ● Paris Agreement: The Paris Agreement's central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius. ● Largest Emitters of Carbon Dioxide: China, US, India 18. Weather vs. Climate explain the difference. Weather is is the short-term, day to day expression of the atmospheric processes, where as climate is long-term average conditions.