Musculoskeletal System

Musculoskeletal System Structure - - Muscles ○ Three types § Skeletal § Smooth § Cardiac ○ Provide contraction that allows body movement ○ Provide body posture ○ Help passage and elimination of food ○ Help propel blood through arteries and other vessels ○ Provide contraction of bladder to eliminate urine Human Skeleton ○ Consists of 206 individual bones ○ Axial skeleton is divided into three major regions § Skull, rib cage, vertebral column ○ Bones § Provide a framework to support and protect the body § Point of attachment with muscles § Store calcium and other minerals § Produce blood cells within bone marrow § 4 types □ Short □ Irregular □ Flat □ Long ® Diaphysis: shaft or long portion of the bone ® Distal and proximal epiphysis, 2 ends of the bone Combining Forms - Musculo, myo: muscles Leiomyo: smooth muscle Rhabdo: rod-shaped (striated) - Rhabdomy: rod-shaped (striated) muscle Chondro: cartilage Cranio: skull Femor: femur Patell: patella Tibio: tibia Pelvo: pelvis Scapulo: scapula Vertebro: vertebrae Sterno: sternum Costo: ribs Arthro: joint Ortho: straight Osteo: bone Thorac: chest Spondyl: vertebrae Medical Words - Costochondritis: inflammation of ribs and cartilage Pelvimetry: measuring of pelvis Myosarcoma: malignant tumor of connective tissue and muscle Osteoclast: cell that breaks down bone periosteitis: inflammation of bone Subcostal: pertaining to under or below the ribs Sternocostal: pertaining to sternum and ribs Calcaneodynia: pain in the calcaneum (heel bone) Osteoporosis: porous bone Myoma: muscle tumor Arthrodesis: fixation of bone or joint Myorrhexis: rupture of muscle Ankylosis: abnormal condition of being stiff, bent, or crooked Myasthenia: Weakness or debility of muscle Chondromalacia: Softening of cartilage Arthroscopy: Visual examination of a joint Leiomyoma: tumor composed of smooth muscle Intervertebral: pertaining to between vertebrae Condition/Disease - Fractures I j b ki f b Injury or breaking of a bone Pain, swelling, bruising, and deformity at site of fracture Loss of movement function, muscle spasm, hemorrhage, and shock Signs and Symptoms § Depends on whether the fracture is caused by trauma from fall, an accident, or crushing injury § Depends on whether the fracture is the results of trauma from bone disease, such as osteoporosis, bone cancer, or some other pathological condition of the bones § Common Types □ Closed: simple break with no external skin wound □ Open: break with external skin wound ® Leads to fracture site with piece of bone protruding through skin □ Complicated: broken bone injures an internal organ, like lung □ Comminuted: bone broken or splintered into pieces □ Impacted: end of broken bone wedged into interior of another bone □ Incomplete: fracture line does not include whole bone □ Greenstick: break in which bone is partially bent or split ® Most common in children or adults with soft bones □ Colles: break in lower end radius ® Common when wrist is extended to break a fall § Treatment □ External immobilization of affected part using traction, casting, or splinting □ Open/closed reduction ® May be required to realign bone for proper healing □ Analgesics or muscle relaxants to ease pain □ Open reduction and external fixation or internal fixation by using metal plates, screws, or rods □ Possibly no treatment □ Bandaging or taping for support, immobilization, and pain control Herniated Disk ○ Signs and Symptoms § Herniation of the nucleus pulposus (center of gelatinous material within intervertebral disk) between two vertebrae: ○ ○ ○ ○ - - - - material within intervertebral disk) between two vertebrae: also called prolapsed disk § Depend on site of herniation § Severe back pain that worsens with motion § Cervical disk herniation, paresthesia and restricted mobility of neck § Coughing, sneezing, or bending increase pain and discomfort § Lumbar sciatic begins as a dull ache and progresses to bad pain ○ Treatment § Bed rest and alternating heat and cold applications § Muscle relaxants, salicylate, and/or analgesics § Traction of lower extremities and back brace § Laminectomy may be required if conservative treatment is unsuccessful § Spinal fusion may be necessary to stabilize the spine Rheumatoid Arthritis ○ Signs and Symptoms § Autoimmune disease in which immune system attacks its own cartilage and connective tissue § Results in crippling deformities § Most common in women between 23 and 35 but can affect people of any age § Muscles, bones, and skin adjacent to the affected joint atrophy ○ Treatment § No specific cure, but medication can show spread of the disease § Less severe cases ate treated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID), physical therapy and orthopedic measures § Surgery may reduce pain and improve mobility Talipes Equinovarus ○ Signs and Symptoms § Congenital deformity § Heel of the foot is unable to rest on the ground § Clubfoot ○ Treatment § Applying casts to progressively straighten the foot § Surgical correction may be necessary for severe cases Osteomyelitis ○ ○ - Signs and Symptoms § Inflammation, swelling, localized heat, redness, pain and local tenderness □ Occurs at and around the bone □ Other symptoms include chills, fever, sweating, and malaise § As infection progresses, an abscess may develop □ Fractured dead pieces become surrounded by purulent material and form a sequestrum □ Both acute and chronic forms can present the same clinical picture Treatment § Extensive, long-term antibiotic treatment □ Follow-up care to prevent recurrent infection § Surgical Drainage to remove pus and necrotic bone tissue § Tissue and bone grafts if necessary to restore blood flow to the site Gout ○ One or more severely inflamed joints because of deposits and buildup of uric acid crystals ○ Swollen joint that is hot, usually painful to touch ○ Signs and Symptoms § More common in middle aged and older men § Characterized by renal dysfunction and renal calculi ○ Treatment § Bed rest to lessen pressure on affected joints § NSAID and corticosteroids □ Orally or injected into gouty area to reduce inflammation □ Application of heat or cold with analgesics § Gradual weight reduction for overweight patients § Dietary modifications □ Low-purine diet □ Adequate fluid intake □ Dairy products Diagnostic Procedures - Arthroscopy ○ Visual Examination of a joint performed by inserting an endoscope through a small incision - - through a small incision ○ Performed to repair and remove joint tissue Myelography ○ Radiography of spinal cord after injection of contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumor, cysts, herniated disks or other lesions Rheumatoid factor ○ Blood test to detect presence of rheumatoid factor, a substance present in patient with RA Medical And Surgical Procedures - - - Total Hip Arthroplasty ○ Replacement of hip joint § Damaged by degenerative disease, commonly arthritis § Replacement of femoral head and acetabulum with prosthesis fastened into the bone Amputation ○ Partial or complete removal of an extremity as a result of trauma or circulatory disease Arthrocentesis ○ Puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid Laminectomy ○ Excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra Pharmacology - - - Bone reabsorption inhibitors ○ Reduce reabsorptions of bone ○ Used to treat weak and fragile bones as seen in osteoporosis and Paget disease Gold salts ○ Inhibit activity within immune system by preventing further disease progression ○ Used to treat RA Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) ○ Relieve mild to moderate pain ○ Reduce inflammation ○ Used to treat musculoskeletal conditions such as sprains: strains: and inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, bursitis, and tendinitis