Minerals and Rocks - General Course I Physical Science

13.1 Minerals and Rocks Key Concepts A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition. Minerals can form by crystallization from magma or lava, from precipitation related to evaporation or hydrothermal solutions, from exposure to high pressure and temperature, or can be produced by organisms. Forces deep inside and at the surface of Earth produce changes in rock that cause the same material to cycle between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock stages. SKILL BUILDER Vocabulary Preview Define each vocabulary term in your own words. Then, write yourself a quick note on how you will remember each. One term has been done for you. Term Definition How I Remember Mineral A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence minerals are of natural occurrence Precipitation water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail. This is what falls out of the sky an organism having more than one form or type as a result of discontinuous variation there are many types as in "morph" the solid mineral material forming part of the surface of the earth and other similar planets, exposed on the surface or underlying the soil or oceans they are super commonly found and all over Polymorph Rock Rock cycle A very slow process in which rocks change between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types of rock The word cycle lets me know that this process includes events that happen repeatedly. What Are Minerals?` For Questions 1–4, write True if the statement is true. If the statement is false, replace the underline word or words to make it true. Write your changes on the line. 1 False minerals. Geologists have so far identified about 1000 Minerals are formed from inorganic materials. 2 True 3 True structure. Each type of mineral has a unique crystal 4 False Most minerals are compounds composed of one element(s). 5 List the five criteria a material must meet to be considered a mineral. - Inorganic, naturally occurring, solid, solid with orderly crystalline structure, and define chemical compound. 6 Describe the proportion of elements in minerals that contain more than one element. - They will always have the same proportion 7 Name a mineral that is made of only one element. - Native elements Mineral Formation 8 Organize Information Fill in the table with a description of the ways that minerals can form. Ways That Minerals Description Can Form Crystallization from 󳆫magma or lava - As the magma starts to cools, it will start to grow crystals. Precipitation - the rain or precipitation can break down rocks to create new minerals Pressure andtemperature 󳆫 - can change rocks into entireley new metamorphic rocks Produced by 󳆫organisms - Biomineralization, also written biomineralisation, is the process by which living organisms produce minerals, often to harden or stiffen existing tissues 9 What factor affects the size of the crystals in minerals that form from magma or lava? Explain your answer. - The rate at which magma cools, the amount of gas magma contains, and the chemical composition of magma 10 What is a vein, and how does it form? - when mineral constituents carried by an aqueous solution within the rock mass are deposited through precipitation. 11 Name an example of a mineral formed by an organism. - Calcium Rocks For Questions 12–14, circle the letter of the correct answer. 12 A Rock that forms as magma cools slowly and solidifies below Earth’s surface is called A intrusive igneous rock. C clastic sedimentary rock. B extrusive igneous rock. D chemical sedimentary rock. 13 CWhich of the following is NOT a factor in the formation of metamorphic rock? A deposition C recrystallization B high pressure D high temperature An example of metamorphic rock is 14 C A shale. C marble. B basalt. D limestone. 15 What causes rocks to move, and how does that movement relate to the rock cycle? - Plate movements drive the rock cycle by pushing rocks back into the mantle where they melt and turn into magma again 16 Describe how sedimentary rocks are formed. - the compaction and cementation of sediment, or by the chemical precipitation of minerals SKILL BUILDER Organize Information 17 Complete the following diagram to show the various geologic processes involved in the rock cycle. Draw different arrows to represent each process and complete the key below the map. Note that one process can affect more than one type of rock material. On the lines below the key, explain where minerals that make up the rocks in the rock cycle originally come from. Sediment Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Magma or lava Metamorphic rock KEY Weather and erosion Melting Sediment settles Cooling and crystallization Heat and pressure 13.1 SELF-CHECK Answer the questions to test your knowledge of lesson concepts. You can check your work using the answers on the bottom of the page. 18 Name two polymorphs of carbon. _______Graphite, and diamond ___________________________ 19 What are the three different types of rock? _______Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic ____________________ 18. Sample answer: Graphite, diamond 19. Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic