Endocrine System Work Sheet

Lab 1. Endocrine System Worksheet Activity #1 – Major Endocrine Organs Locate the endocrine organs on figures in your textbook. 1. Complete Figure 25.1 on page 402 of your lab manual. 1. hypothalamus 2. pituitary gland (hypophysis) 3. hypothalamus 4. 5. 6. 7. thyroid gland parathyroid gland thymus gland adrenal glands 8. pancreas 9. ovaries 10. testes 2. Locate major endocrine organs in the three-dimensional anatomical model located at Zygote Body. Type each organ from Figure 25.1 into the search box (upper right) to locate. Use your mouse or the arrow keys (upper left) to rotate or zoom in and out. To identify the testes, you need to switch to the Adult Male model (switch at the blue cube menu on the left). [X ] Check (or X) here to indicate you completed question 2. 3. Someone just threw a baseball at your head. Would you want your nervous system or your endocrine system to control your response? Defend your answer. I would want my nervous system to control my response. My sympathetic nervous system will alert my body to move out of the way of the ball. I would also want my endocrine system to control the response as well, because the sympathetic nervous system is activated by the release of hormones and uses hormones to alert the body to take action in trying to catch the ball or to move out of the way of the ball. Use your lab manual and textbook as a reference while studying individual endocrine organs. You should also refer to the histology resources on the Additional Resources page in Canvas. Your sketches should highlight the differences between tissues. Always keep in mind – how would I tell this tissue apart from the others? Activity #2 – Hypothalamus and Pituitary Read “Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland” on page 402 of your lab manual. 4. Complete Figure 25.2 on page 403 of your lab manual. 1. 2. anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis (a-den-oh-hy-POF-ih-sis) hypothalamus (hypo-THAL-uh-mus) 3. 4. 5. infundibulum (in-fun-DIB-u-lum) posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis (neur-oh-hy-POF-ih-sis) hypothalamus 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. infundibulum anterior pituitary posterior pituitary posterior pituitary anterior pituitary View the pituitary slide on histology guide.org. Examine at 10x magnification. 5. a. Sketch a region of the slide that shows both anterior and posterior pituitary. b. Label the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis on your sketch 6. a. Which region of the pituitary contains neuronal cells? posterior pituitary b. Which region of the pituitary contains endocrine cells? anterior pituitary gland 7. Why is the anterior pituitary (or sometimes the hypothalamus) called the “master regulator” of the endocrine system? Hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary gland. Activity #3 – Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Read “Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands” on page 404 of your lab manual. 8. Complete Figures 25.3 and 25.4 on pages 404-405 of your lab manual. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. right lobe of thyroid gland thyroid cartilage of larynx isthmus of thyroid gland trachea left lobe of thyroid gland left lobe of thyroid gland 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. left parathyroid glands right parathyroid glands trachea right lobe of thyroid gland isthmus of thyroid gland 1. 2. 3. parathyroid gland thyroid gland follicular (fohl-LIK-u-lar) cell 4. parafollicular (para-fohl-LIK-u-lar) cell or C cell 5. colloid (COL-oid)-filled follicle View the thyroid slide on histology guide.org. Examine at 20x magnification. 9. a. Draw a portion of the thyroid gland. b. Label on your sketch: at least 2 follicles, follicular cells, colloid, C (parafollicular) cells (if seen) 10. What makes up the colloid in each thyroid follicle? (Be specific!) Colloid is a sticky fluid that fills the central cavity of the follicles in the thyroid. View the slide that shows the parathyroid alongside the thyroid. Examine at 10x magnification. 11. a. Sketch a view that shows both thyroid follicles and parathyroid tissue, side by side. b. Label on your sketch: thyroid follicles, parathyroid tissue 12. a. Name the two types of cells found in the parathyroid gland. parafollicular cells (C cells) oxyphil cells b. Which cell type is the endocrine cell? parafollicular cell Activity #4 – Adrenal Glands Read “Adrenal Glands” on page 406 of your lab manual. 13. Complete Figure 25.6 on page 407 of your lab manual. AdrenaJ glands lnferior Тhе adrenal elands 1. right adrenal gland 9. zona fasciculata (ZOH-na fah-sick-you-LAH-ta) 2. left adrenal gland 10. zona reticularis 3. kidney (reh-tik-you-LAIR-is) 4. capsule 11. adrenal medulla 5. adrenal cortex 12. 6. adrenal medulla 7. capsule 8. zona glomerulosa (glow-mare-you-LOH-sa) View the adrenal gland slide on histologyguide.org. Note: You will be making *two* sketches. 14. a. Sketch a view of the adrenal gland on scanning power (4x). b. Label on your sketch: adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, capsule 15. a. Sketch a view of the adrenal cortex on medium power (10x). b. Label on your sketch: the capsule, the three regions (zonas) of the adrenal cortex. 16. How is stimulation of the adrenal medulla different from stimulation of the adrenal cortex? I think that adrenal cortex is stimulated by hormones which is a hormonal stimuli and the adrenal medulla is stimulated by the nervous system, which would be a neural stimuli Activity #5 – Pancreas Read “Pancreas” on page 408 of your lab manual. 17. Complete Figure 25.8 on page 409 of your lab manual. 1. 2. 3. head of pancreas body of pancreas tail of pancreas 4. 5. pancreatic islet (EYE-let) exocrine or acini (AS-ih-nur) cells View the pancreas slide on histologyguide.org. Examine at 10x magnification. 18. a. Sketch a view of the pancreas that includes both acinar and islet cells. b. Label on your sketch: pancreatic acinar cell, pancreatic islet (islet of Langerhans). 19. Which parts of the pancreas have endocrine function? The pancreatic islets 20. What is the non-endocrine function of the pancreas? the pancreatic duct Activity #6 – Hormone Functions 21. Complete Table 25.1 on pages 410-411 of your lab manual. GLAND HORMONE LOCATION OF TARGET CELLS HORMONE FUNCTION Anterior pituitary 1. GH (growth hormone) Cartilage, bone, skeletal muscle, liver, and other body tissues Stimulates secretion of hormones that stimulate body growth and metabolism. 2. TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) Thyroid gland Stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secretion of its hormones. 3. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) Testes Stimulates sperm production. Ovaries Stimulates oocyte production and estrogen secretion. Testes Stimulates secretion of testosterone. Ovaries Triggers ovulation and stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone. Mammary gland Stimulates production and secretion of milk. 4. LH (luteinizing hormone) 5. Prolactin 6. ACTH Adrenal cortex (adrenocorticotr opic hormone) Stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex. 7. Melanin Skin Darkens skin pigmentation. Kidneys Decreases water lost in urine by returning water to the blood. Uterus and mammary glands Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during suckling. Posterior 1. ADH pituitary (antidiuretic hormone) 2. Oxytocin Thyroid gland 1. T4 Thyroxine 2. T3 Triiodothyronin e Most body cells Increases metabolism and basal metabolic rate (BMR). 3. Calcitonin Osteoclast cells in bones Decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts. Parathyr oid glands PTH (parathyroid hormone) Osteoclast cells in bones Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone matrix. Adrenal cortex 1. Aldosterone Kidneys Decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium and water to the blood. 2. Cortisol Corticosterone Liver, muscle, and cells involved in body defenses Increases resistance to stress, increases blood glucose levels, and decreases inflammation. 3. Androgen Uterus, mammary Insignificant in males; glands, and other increases sex drive in body cells involved females. in secondary sex characteristics Adrenal medulla 1.norepinephrin e (noradrenaline) 2. epinephrine (Adrenaline) Promotes Body cells involved fight-or-flight in fight-or-flight response. response Pancreas 1. Insulin Most body cells Decreases blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into body cells. 2. Glycogen Liver Increases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver to break down glycogen into glucose. 1.Estrogen Uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in female sexual characteristics Stimulates development of female sex characteristics; helps regulate menstrual cycle. Ovaries 2.Progesterone Testes Testosterone Testes, muscle, and other body cells involved in male sexual characteristics Stimulates development of male sex characteristics; stimulates male sex drive; regulates sperm production. Pineal gland Melatonin Brain Helps to set biological clock. Thymus Thymopoietin T cells (type of white blood cell involved in immune response) Promotes the maturation of T cells for the immune response. Answer the additional questions below: 22. Why are the hormones of the anterior pituitary referred to as tropic hormones? The hormones of the anterior pituitary are referred to as tropic hormones because they act on other endocrine glands. tropic hormones (trope- = “turning”) because they turn on or off the function of other endocrine glands. 23. a. Which hormones are produced by the thyroid follicles? Thyroxine/tetraiodothyronine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) b. Which hormone is produced by parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid? calcitonin 24. Which two hormones work together to maintain blood calcium homeostasis? a. Name the hormones and where they’re produced. parathyroid hormone (PTH) (parathyroid) calcitonin (thyroid - parafollicular cells) b. State the specific effect of each hormone on blood calcium homeostasis. parathyroid hormone - 25. The phrase “Salt, Sugar, Sex” can be used to remember the functions of the zonas of the adrenal cortex. Explain how these three ideas relate to the functions of the hormones produced by each zona. Zona glomerulosa:(salt) Zona fasciculata:(sugar) Zona reticularis:(sex) produces small amountrogens) 26. Explain how the pancreatic islets are related to diabetes mellitus. (Particularly type 1 diabetes!) Diabetes mellitus is a condition where there is a “dysfunction of insulin production and secretion, as well as target cells’ responsiveness to insulin.” People with Type 1 diabetes have problems producing insulin, because their beta cells (pancreatic cells) are affected. There are four types of pancreatic cells, but when discussing diabetes two are mentioned most. Alpha cells and Beta cells. Alpha cells produce the hormone glucagon. When blood glucose levels are low meaning that the blood has less sugar you want to give it glucose (sugar) which will be glucagon. When blood sugar is high, beta cells release insulin to lower the blood glucose levels.