French and Indian WarRising Tensions Between the British and the Colonies

French and Indian War/Rising tensions between the British and the colonies: (1754-1763) Context: The French and Indian War would serve as the stepping Stone for the American Revolution and establish Britain as the European authority in North America, a war that started over a territorial conüict over the Ohio Valley when Young George Washington was sent to warn of the French. Since both the British and the French had native alliances and eventually the British would acquire more land, this would change the British approach to their ruling of the colonies since the British would now have to deal with war-debt burdens that would cause Britain to implement greater economical control over the colonies which would result in a tense relationship with the British colonies and the mother country, and would lead to rising American nationalism and rebellious ideas and strategies amongst the colonies. Key terms: 1) socio-political: ⦁ French-Huron alliance: alliance w/ the Huron. (tribe) ⦁ British-Iroquois alliance: alliance with the Iroquois to conquer the Huron tribe. ⦁ Albany Plan of Union: system of colonial uniûcation proposed by Benjamin Franklin. (it was rejected but demonstrates rising leaders and strategies among colonies). ⦁ Treaty of Paris 1763: ended the war and Britain gained all lands east of the Mississippi River, and Canada. This resulted in taxation which would, later on, lead to the revolutionary war. ⦁ End of salutary neglect: tax the colonies directly due to the need for revenue/income. ⦁ Writs of assistance: British officers could search any merchant without a warrant (colonists believed this violated their rights). ⦁ Virtual representation: The British parliament members virtually represented British colonists. Led to ¨taxation without representation¨. ⦁ Pontiac´s rebellion: made the British seek more peaceful relations with natives and it started due to their dissatisfaction with British policies. ⦁ Proclamation of 1763: forbade all settlements west of a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains, which was delineated as an Indian Reserve. ⦁ Boston massacre: British soldiers in Boston opened ûre on a group of American colonists. 2) Political aspects: ⦁ Consent of the governed led to Republicanism, the philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. ⦁ Bicameral colonial legislature: created by John Adams, His system dispersed authority by assigning the different functions of government-lawmaking, administering, and judging- to separate institutions. ⦁ Non-importation movement: followed the sugar act and evolved when the American colonists boycotted British goods. ⦁ Olive branch petition: a ûnal attempt by the colonists to avoid war with Britain. ⦁ Sons of Liberty: political organization for colonial independence with leaders like Samuel Adams and John Adams. ⦁ Natural rights: fundamental rights over which the government could exercise no control. 3) economical aspects: ⦁ Sugar act-indirect tax: taxed sugar, rum, molasses, etc… ⦁ Stamp act-direct tax: to pay war debt and taxed paper goods. ⦁ Tea act: assist the British East India Company and forced colonists to purchase company tea. ⦁ Intolerable acts: response to the Boston Tea party (political and mercantile protest by the sons of liberty). Enlightenment thought/inüuences: (1715-1789) The enlightenment or age of reason was an intellectual movement that was born in Europe and would later come to American colonies, its purpose was to reform society using reason, challenge religious ideas, and advance knowledge through science. This movement inüuenced American colonists since they did not have certain rights and ideas that were promoted in the enlightenment movement, such as freedom of speech, religious tolerance, and equality. This would make the colonists push for radical changes in government and society. Key terms: ⦁ First Great Awakening: ideas of The Enlightenment spread to the north of the new world Puritan church. (it affected religions as much as politics). ⦁ New lights: post-great awakening members inüuenced by the enlightenment. (modern-thinking members of the clergy that strongly believed in the enlightenment ideas) ⦁ Old lights: pre-great awakening members of the puritan church that believed in original ideals and that the new ideals were unnecessary. ⦁ Consent of the governed: the government gets all its power from the people since the people set up the government, and run the government, and the government does not run the people. ⦁ John Locke: ¨all human beings have a right to life, liberty and property¨, rejected the Divine Right of the monarchy theory, and believed that the government was based upon a ¨Social contract¨. ⦁ Jean-Jacques Rousseau: author of the social contract, the view that a person's moral and political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live. ⦁ Common Sense: written by Thomas Paine to push the colonists to push for independence from England. ⦁ Declaration of Independence: document written by the colonists to express their grievances from England and to declare their independence. ⦁ Republicanism: governing the nation as a republic, limited government with elected representatives serving the people. ⦁ Natural rights: philosophy introduced by John Locke ¨all people are born with certain unalienable natural rights¨ used by Benjamin Franklin. ⦁ Popular sovereignty: consent of the people. American Revolution: (1775-1783) The British heavy taxation on the colonies to pay for war debts, the Boston massacre, ¨taxation without representation¨, the deprivation of the colonists' rights, and enlightenment ideas all led to a rebellion against the mother country to ûght for independence since the colonists now believed in republicanism and consent of the governed which prompted them to ûght for their government with elected representatives and to ûght against the British that was exploiting them to pay for the French and Indian War. Key terms: 1) political/leadership: ⦁ Patriots/Whigs: rebelling against the mother country. ⦁ Loyalists/Tories: remained loyal to the mother country. ⦁ Paul Revere, Mercy Otis Warren, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams, George Washington. ⦁ Sons of Liberty: radical political organization for colonial independence. ⦁ Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (John Dickinson): written protest against the Townshend acts of 1767. ⦁ Stamp Act congress: colonists that came together to protest the stamp act. ⦁ Boston tea party: members of the sons of liberty dressed as natives and dumped over 90,000 lbs. of tea into the Boston harbor. ⦁ Committees of correspondence: formed within the colonies to communicate letters of protest or grievance. ⦁ First and second continental congress: 1stt met to create the committees of correspondence. 2nd met to draft the declaration of independence. 2) battles: ⦁ Battle of Trenton: Washington´s Christmas eve crossing of Delaware to surprise a mainly hessian encampment and neutralize them. ⦁ Battle of Saratoga: patriot victory that proved to the French that they could win. ⦁ French alliance: secured needed supplies and manpower for the patriot cause. ⦁ Natives with brits. ⦁ Battle of Yorktown: Deciding battle of the war, British surrender. 3) economics: ⦁ Mercantilism: Mercantilist policies meant the American colonies in the mid-17th century produced agricultural goods and raw materials that were shipped to Britain. Creating a new nation/government: (1777-1800) After winning the Revolutionary War and declaring independence, American political leaders had to face a new challenge: build a country from nothing but ideas and the people. Now American political leaders had to create a self-sufficient nation with a new constitution, rights, state governments, and federal government while keeping in mind individual liberties. Key terms: 1) social: (awareness of inequalities during and after the war) ⦁ Quakers/The Society for the relief of Africans: ûrst abolition society in 1775. ⦁ Abigail Adams ¨remember the ladies¨: attempted to inüuence John Adams to get rights for the ladies. ⦁ Pennsylvania gradual emancipation law: phased out slavery in the north following the revolution. ⦁ Vermont's constitution abolished slavery. ⦁ Reduction of state property requirements to vote: nonlandholding males could vote. ⦁ Separation of church and state: congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. ⦁ Republican Motherhood: Women had to raise their children right so they would carry the Republic in the future. ⦁ Republican virtues of liberty and natural rights: women were meant to instill republican virtues like patriotism and honor and the ones preached by Locke such as rights to life, liberty, and property. ⦁ Shay´s rebellion: armed uprising sparked by the outrage of rural farmers who were losing their land due to their inability to pay high taxes. (show discontent) ⦁ plan by Continental Army officers to challenge the authority of the Confederation Congress. (show discontent) ⦁ 3/5 compromise: ¨as for ûve slaves, three count as men…¨ ⦁ Slave trade compromise: slavery was guaranteed for 20 more years. ⦁ Fugitive slave clause: runaway slaves in the north could be hunted by plantation owners and brought back to the south. ⦁ Anti-slavery societies: William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Beecher St owe, Theodore Weld, Grimke sister, Gabriel Prosser. 2) foreign affairs: ⦁ US neutrality proclamation: authorized by George Washington and stated that the US would take no part in a war between two powers. 2) legislative branch: ⦁ Articles of confederation: created in the second continental congress to structure a new government. ⦁ Conventions to ratify constitutions: to organize the country, the purpose was to revise articles, and representatives from every state were present, except Rhode Island. ⦁ Fundamental laws: laws and rights are superior to regular legislation. ⦁ Unicameral legislature with no power to tax: They opposed the ratiûcation of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government. (show discontent) 3) judicial or executive branch: ⦁ Supreme court: highest judicial branch. ⦁ Great compromise: to settle a dispute in the drafting of the Constitution. The Compromise devised a system that would please both the large and small states by dividing the legislative branch into two houses. ⦁ Separation of powers led to the system of checks and balances ("is the principle of government under which separate branches are employed to prevent actions by the other branches and are induced to share power.") so that the government would not become centered on one branch and one branch can't get more powerful than the other. ⦁ Electoral college: A group selected by the states to elect the president and the vice-president. ⦁ Federalism: belief in a strong and powerful central government. ⦁ Bill of rights: anti-federalists supported it because it protected individual citizens´ liberties. ⦁ Federalist papers: a collection of articles and essays to push for the ratiûcation of the constitution. ⦁ Alien act: gave the president the power to order an alien out of the country or jail during times of war. ⦁ Sedition act: jailed those who used free speech against John Adams. 4) national identity: ⦁ John Trumbull: The Norman Rockwell of the revolutionary war. ⦁ Benjamin Banneker: This individual was the ûrst African American to publish a scientiûc book, The Almanac. He was a mathematician and author, defying the stereotype that African Americans were unintelligent. ⦁ US üag. ⦁ Mercy Otis Warren´s history of the American Revolution: the head of patriot women during the revolution.