Correlates of Criminal Behaviour Test (Answer Key)

Correlates of Criminal Behaviour 1. Phenomena that are regularly associated with crime and criminal offending are known as which of the following? a. correlates c. crime rates b. explanations d. theories ANSWER: a 2. The textbook examines six variables that correlate with crime. Which of the following are included in the factors examined? a. offender’s birth order c. offender’s gender b. offender’s place of birth d. offender’s employment history ANSWER: c 3. Which of the following statements best outlines the nature of correlates of criminal behaviour? a. Correlates provide concrete information about what causes crime and why crime varies across geographic region. b.Each correlate has connection with criminal behaviour but no single factor explains any particular crime. c. The strongest predictors of crime rates tend to be the correlates of geographic location and school attendance among teens. d.It takes a complex set of statistical methods to interpret data related to correlates of crime. ANSWER: b 4. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the knowledge that there is a correlation between poverty and crime? a. Crime is the sole cause of poverty. b. Poverty is the main cause of crime. c. Poverty is one of several causes of crime. d. Poverty may be a cause of crime. ANSWER: d 5. Which of the following statements is generally true? a. Criminal activity intensifies in adolescence and young adulthood and declines thereafter. b.Criminal activity declines during adolescence and young adulthood and then increases thereafter. c. There is no difference in the rate of criminal offending among young adults and older adults. d.Young people have the highest rate of criminal offending in all categories of crime. Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour ANSWER: a 6. Which of the following statements represents the nature of the relationship between age and crime? a. White-collar crime follows the general age pattern of crime. b. Young people are overrepresented among accused persons. c. The age distribution is stronger for violent crime than for property crimes. d. Persons 55 or older are overrepresented among accused persons. ANSWER: b 7. Based on 2016 statistics, which age category correlates most strongly with homicides in Canada? a. 12 to 17 b. 18 to 24 c. 40 to 49 d. 50 and above ANSWER: b 8. What is the term used for the fact that people are less likely to commit crime as they grow older? a. correlation reform b. delinquency reform c. maturational reform d. demographic reform ANSWER: c 9. Which of the following scenarios best reflects the term “maturational reform”? a. Judy became more skilled at using the Internet as she aged and she also became more involved in cybercrime. b.Fred’s shoplifting increased significantly after he turned 24 years of age. c. Jim started a family and became less involved in the street gang of which he was once the leader. d.As Allen rose through the ranks of the bank as he got older, his family’s financial pressures prompted him to embezzle large amounts of money. ANSWER: c 10. The argument that older men have more social bonds, such as marriage and children, and become less involved in crime is an example of which of the following theories? a. life course theory b. age-crime theory c. middle age theory d. patriarchal theory ANSWER: a 11. According to the text, which of the following is a major reason why crime rapidly declines as adolescents move into adulthood? a. Adults are physically weaker and less agile than their younger counterparts. b. The criminal justice system at all levels is biased in favour of older adult offenders. Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour c. Adults are more mature and have more incentives to conform to mainstream social values. d. Adult offenders are more practised at avoiding detection. ANSWER: c 12. Which of the following situations fits the definition of the “romance–crime nexus”? a. A 28-year-old female has been the girlfriend of a gang member since she was 17 years of age. b.A 35-year-old male becomes engaged to his partner and becomes more involved in crime. c. A 21-year-old female breaks up with her partner and enrolls in school to study criminal behaviour. d.A 19-year-old male breaks up with his partner and his offending behaviour increases. ANSWER: d 13. Which of the following statements about the correlation between gender and crime is accurate? a. Women have been offending at the same rate as men over the past five years. b.Men are more likely to be charged with criminal offences. c. Men and women commit completely different types of crimes so it is difficult to compare them. d.Women offend more frequently than men until the age of 21 and then the pattern reverses. ANSWER: b 14. In general young women are most likely to be involved in which types of crimes? a. violent assaults b. weapons offences c. fraud d. drug trafficking ANSWER: c 15. In recent years police-reported crime statistics for Canada depict which of the following trends? a. Female crime rates increased faster than male crime rates, but there is still a large gap in crime rates between the genders. b.Female crime rates increased faster than male crime rates, and the gap in crime rates between the genders has practically disappeared. c. Male crime rates increased faster than female crime rates, but the absolute gap in crime rates between the genders did not change much. d.Male crime rates increased faster than female crime rates, and the absolute gap in crime rates between the genders increased. ANSWER: a 16. According to your textbook, why do women generally receive more lenient treatment in the courts in Canada Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour compared to men? a. There is insufficient space in correctional facilities for women in this country. b.They commit less serious crimes. c. Judges have a tendency to feel sorry for women. d.The Criminal Code dictates that women should receive more lenient sentences due to sexism in Canadian society. ANSWER: b 17. Heimer and De Coster (1999) have made an important contribution to our understanding of the gender gap in violent crime by examining structural positions and cultural processes, including social learning. Which of the following is one of their conclusions? a. Violent delinquency is learned and internalized equally by boys and girls. b. Boys learn more violent definitions and have greater experience with violence. c. Girls are able to use deception to avoid detection more readily than boys. d. Parents supervise girls far more closely than boys. ANSWER: b 18. Which of the following best describes female offenders in Canada? a. young, well off, well educated b. young, poor, undereducated c. young, poor, well educated d. older, poor, undereducated ANSWER: b 19. Which of the following statements best represents the role convergence hypothesis? a. As women become more involved in the workforce, they become more involved in property crime. b.Stay-at-home moms commit far fewer crimes than working moms. c. Rates of crime by transgendered people fall somewhere between the rates of crime committed by men and women. d.The convergence of sexism and lower pay for women in society means they play a greater role in the sex trade. ANSWER: a 20. Given the increase of women in the workforce one would expect increases in corporate crimes committed by women. What is the involvement of women in corporate crime according to the text? a. men are less likely to commit significant financial crimes than women across all settings including the corporate world b.women and men are now on equal footing in more large-scale corporations and now their offending behaviour is similar c. women occupy positions that present few opportunities for large-scale financial crimes d.women’s involvement in corporate crime has doubled since 1997 ANSWER: c Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour 21. Research in Canada shows that one minority group reported being much more likely to be stopped and searched by the police than those from other racial backgrounds. Which of the following groups was this? a. Hispanics b. Blacks c. South Asians d. Aboriginal s ANSWER: b 22. Which of the following best represents the differential treatment hypothesis? a. There are actual differences between racial groups in terms of the incidence, level of seriousness, and persistence of offending patterns. b.Structural inequality in the administration of justice is responsible for the overrepresentation of minority groups in the criminal justice process. c. Structural injustices in society are responsible for the overrepresentation of minority groups in criminal offending. d.There is a higher rate of criminal offending by racial minority groups because they receive preferential treatment by government. ANSWER: b 23. Which of the following statements best describes the experience of Indigenous people in the Canadian criminal justice system? a. Indigenous adults are underrepresented at all stages of Canada’s criminal justice system. b. Indigenous people are overrepresented at all stages of Canada’s criminal justice system. c. Indigenous female youth are underrepresented in Canada’s prison population. d. Indigenous youth are underrepresented among criminal offenders. ANSWER: b 24. Which of the following regions of Canada has the highest incarceration rate of Indigenous peoples? a. the Northwest Territories b. the prairies c. Central Canada d. Atlantic Canada ANSWER: a 25. Which of the following is true regarding Indigenous offenders when compared to non-Indigenous offenders? a. They are more likely to be placed in their home communities on house arrest than non-Indigenous offenders. b.They spend less time in pre-trial detention than non-Indigenous offenders. c. They are more likely to have legal representation at court proceedings. d.They are more likely to have parole revoked than non-Indigenous offenders. ANSWER: d Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour 26. Which of the following statements best reflects the cultural theories of Indigenous overrepresentation in the criminal justice system? a. The sharing of material possessions implies reciprocal action in Indigenous communities but in the dominant culture it is called theft. b.Indigenous peoples are overrepresented in the criminal justice system because of the culture of racist policing in mainstream society. c. Three to four times as many Indigenous people live in poor neighbourhoods. d.A much smaller proportion of Indigenous inmates have a high school education. ANSWER: a 27. Assigning the poor living conditions among Indigenous peoples as the reason for their overrepresentation in the criminal justice system is an example of which of the following theories? a. critical race b. structural theories theories c. cultural theories d. post-structuralist theories ANSWER: b 28. Which of the following is important to consider when studying crime rates according to the colonial model? a. historical b. educational systems context c. social norms d. geography ANSWER: a 29. Which of the following theories of why Aboriginal people are overrepresented in the criminal justice system includes the notions of learned helplessness and fatalism? a. colonial model b. historic trauma transmission model c. critical race theory d. the code of the street theory ANSWER: b 30. Which of the following is a key assumption of the critical race theory? a. There is a causal link between race and criminal behaviour. b. Most races are equally impacted by changes to the criminal justice system over time. c. The law reflects the norms and values of the dominant group and favours that group. d. There is a direct link between trauma and criminal behaviour. ANSWER: b 31. According to the textbook, which of the following best characterizes the relationship between illicit drug use and crime? a. It is a weak relationship and valid only for females. Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour b. It is unknown because of limited evidence. c. It is a complex relationship. d. It is a strong relationship for some street crimes. ANSWER: d 32. According to the textbook, which of the following best characterizes the relationship between socioeconomic class and crime? a. It is simple to understand. b. It is unknown because of limited evidence. c. It is complex. d. It is a myth. ANSWER: c 33. Which variables make up socioeconomic status? a. education, prestige, and religion b. religion, income, and prestige c. income, education, and d. occupation, power, and prestige occupation ANSWER: c 34. According to Wright and colleagues (1999), the relationship between socioeconomic status and crime is indirect and operates through mediating variables. Which of the following statements best represent this argument? a. High SES promotes delinquency because it increases risk-taking behaviours. b.Low SES promotes delinquency because it creates greater opportunities for fraud. c. Low SES promotes delinquency by reducing bonds to conventional values while increasing risk-taking behaviours. d.High SES promotes delinquency because it reduces one’s bonds to conventional values. ANSWER: c 35. Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between criminal and violent behaviour and socioeconomic status? a. Most violent men are overwhelmingly from high SES. b. Employment reduces violent and property crimes. c. There is a low correlation between dropping out of high school and violence. d. Older and better educated people generally commit more violent crimes. ANSWER: b 36. Which of the following countries had the highest homicide rate in 2011? a. United b. England and Wales States Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour c. Canada d. Japan ANSWER: a 37. Which of the following statements best depicts Canada’s violent crime rate compared to other countries? a. It is lower than that of the United States but the same as European countries. b. It is lower than that of the United States but higher than European countries. c. It is at the same level as that of the United States and European countries. d. It is a higher rate compared to the United States and European countries. ANSWER: b 38. What does research suggest is the relationship between the nature of the neighbourhood one lives in and crime? a. Crime rates are impacted by the nature of the relationships in neighbourhoods. b. Crime rates vary by city rather than by neighbourhood. c. Crime is highest in rural settings rather than city settings. d. Crime rates are not impacted by neighbourhood relationships. ANSWER: a 39. Studies show that offenders can reduce their likelihood of reoffending by doing which of the following? a. Registering with their local police service after release. b. Engaging in neighbourhood watch programs after release. c. Returning to a familiar neighbourhood for comfort after release. d. Changing neighbourhoods and routines after release. ANSWER: d 40. Which of the following best represents the concept of “collective efficacy”? a. Criminals are more effective when working together. b.Neighbourhoods are safer where there is a higher level of social cohesion among neighbourhood residents. c. Police are involved in socially sorting who belongs to the neighbourhood collective and who does not. d.Neighbourhoods are safer where there is a higher level of racial integration, rather than segregation. ANSWER: b 41. No single factor explains any particular crime. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour 42. Identifying the correlates of a particular crime problem will identify the causes of that crime problem. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 43. Criminal activity declines during adolescence and young adulthood and then increases thereafter. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 44. There is no difference between the rate of criminal offending among adolescence and older adults. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 45. Young people have the highest rate of criminal offending in all categories of crime. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 46. Maturational reform refers to the evidence that involvement in crimes tends to decrease as people age. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 47. A basic explanation for the theory of maturational reform is that adolescence is a period of transition, ambiguity, and nonconformity. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 48. There are greater incentives for older adults to conform to mainstream society and thus they become less involved in crime compared to young people. a. True b. Fals Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour e ANSWER: True 49. Young men commit crimes such as fraud more frequently than young women. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 50. One category of crime that young women are most likely to be charged with is theft. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 51. Women’s imprisonment has not increased in the past few decades. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 52. One dominant explanation why women receive more lenient treatment in the courts compared to men is because they commit less serious crimes. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 53. According to Heimer and De Coster (1999) the gender gap in violent crime can be explained in part by research suggesting that young boys learn more violent definitions and have greater experience with violence compared to young girls. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 54. Violent males tend to come from a high level of privilege and their violence is the result of their being spoiled as children. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour 55. The role convergence hypothesis suggests that as more women choose to work outside the home their likelihood of committing crimes increases as a result of increased opportunities. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 56. Race is a stronger correlate of crime than age or gender. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 57. While blacks are highly discriminated against in the US criminal justice system, there is no evidence of that in Canada. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 58. The differential treatment hypothesis suggests that there are actual differences between racial groups in terms of the incidence, level of seriousness, and persistence of offending patterns. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 59. The overrepresentation of Indigenous peoples in the criminal justice system is only a factor at the level of police contact but disappears when incarceration rates are examined. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 60. The rate of increase in the Indigenous prison population is the same as the rate of increase of the Aboriginal population in Canadian society. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour 61. Structural explanations for Aboriginal overrepresentation in the criminal justice system centre on the social and economic oppression of Aboriginals by the dominant white society. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 62. There is evidence to suggest that despite overrepresentation in the criminal justice system Indigenous peoples continue to hold positive views of police and other professionals. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 63. The linkage between alcohol and substance abuse is weak and disappears when age is factored in. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 64. The suggestion that chronic drug users commit crime to sustain their habit is a myth since they would be incapable of carrying out crime while under the influence. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 65. People with high socioeconomic status are overrepresented in police-reported statistics. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 66. According to Hagen, the relationship between crime and class is complex because various classes are involved in different kinds of criminal behaviour due to differential opportunities to commit crimes. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour 67. The link between socioeconomic status and crime is direct and robust across a number of variables. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 68. Education level is strongly correlated with likelihood to commit violent crime. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 69. Labelling of a neighbourhood as “high-risk” by police results in greater scrutiny and greater likelihood that crimes will be discovered. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 70. Choose one major correlate of crime as documented in your textbook and describe its relationship with crime, using theories and research to substantiate your arguments. ANSWER Answers will include some or all of the following elements. : - Age: young people commit disproportionately more crime than older adults with the exception of white-collar and political crimes. As social commitments and positions change through aging, crime rates decline. - Gender: males commit disproportionately more crime than women and this is particularly true for violent crimes. Research suggests that males and females are socialized to particular behaviours conducive to crime and deviance. - Race: while data on race and crime is not generally kept by most levels of the criminal justice system, incarceration information is recorded and blacks and Indigenous peoples are overrepresented in prisons in Canada. Various theories to explain overrepresentation of Indigenous peoples have been proposed and most acknowledge systemic bias. - Drugs and alcohol: there is evidence of a strong relationship between crime and alcohol and drug involvement. Those under the influence of alcohol and drugs are more likely to commit crimes, those trying to support an addiction are more likely to commit crimes, and possessing illegal drugs is a crime in itself. - Socioeconomic status: the relationship is complex and varies by type of crime and is mediated by other variables including attitudes, behaviours, neighbourhoods, peer groups, family conditions, cultures, and economic opportunities. - Spatial location: patterns of crime vary by street, neighbourhood, city, and larger geographic region. Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour 71. This chapter explores how certain variables correlate with crime. Yet, it emphasizes that just because a variable is associated with crime, this does not mean it causes crime. Explain the difference between a correlate of crime and a cause of crime. Use information from the chapter to support your explanation. ANSWER Answers will include some or all of the following elements. : - All of the variables discussed in the chapter are correlates of crime in that none of them definitively determine that an individual will commit crime but they create a greater likelihood of this happening. Some variables are more strongly linked to criminal behaviour than others and these are better thought of as risk factors. - Being a young, Indigenous male living in a disadvantaged neighbourhood would put the young person at greater risk of being involved in the criminal justice system but these qualities do not ensure or guarantee that the young person will commit crime. 72. Explain the maturational reform thesis. How does this theory account for the decline of criminal behaviour after adolescence? ANSWER Answers will include some or all of the following elements. : - Maturational reform refers to the fact that there is a reduction in criminal behaviour as an individual gets older. The suggestion is that as the individual becomes more committed to conventional values and has more status or social position based on connection to a workplace and relationships, he or she will be less likely to want to risk losing this position by continuing to be involved in crime. 73. Describe some of the major differences in crime rates and patterns between the genders. ANSWER Answers will include some or all of the following elements. : - Males are more likely to commit crimes than females and males are more likely than females to be involved in violent, serious offences. Females are more likely to commit theft and fraud. - Females are less likely than males to be sentenced to custody. - One explanation for different offending patterns is that males are socialized to respond with violence more so than females and they have lower levels of emotional attachment to their families. Despite this, marriage is one event that is related to decreases in male offending patterns. 74. Explain the role convergence theory. How does it account for the rising crime rate among women? Is this explanation substantiated by empirical research? Elaborate on your answer. ANSWER Answers will include some or all of the following elements. : - This theory suggests that as the roles of women change and they become more involved in work outside the home that is similar to that of men, it explains increases in crimes committed by women. - The gender gap has declined but that depends on time and type of offences. - It is difficult to determine whether crime rates of women have increased as significantly as statistics suggest or if policing and court practices have changed Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour to create a decrease in the gender gap. Self-report studies would suggest that the system has changed more than the behaviour of women has. 75. What is the nature of the controversy over collecting statistics on race and crime in Canada? Would there be an advantage to having this information? ANSWER Answers will include some or all of the following elements. : - The argument against collecting data related to race and crime focuses on poor quality police recording of data, difficulties in measuring race, and the possibility that this information would be used to justify racist theories of crime leading to increased discrimination by the criminal justice system. - The arguments for collecting this information focus on the opportunity this data would present to confirm or debunk notions of differential treatment in the criminal justice system and that the data would allow researchers to challenge racist ideology. 76. What does it mean to say that Indigenous peoples are subjected to systemic bias within the criminal justice system? Provide examples to support your answer. ANSWER Answers will include some or all of the following elements. : - Across all levels of the criminal justice system Indigenous individuals experience differential treatment that disadvantages them. - For example, they are more likely to be arrested, more likely to be detained, have less access to legal counsel, are more likely to be incarcerated, are less likely to receive bail and parole, and are more likely to be placed in segregation. 77. Distinguish between cultural and structural explanations of Aboriginal overrepresentation in the criminal justice system. Provide specific examples to substantiate each of these explanations. ANSWER Answers will include some or all of the following elements. : - Cultural theories focus on traits, characteristics, or the way of life of a group of people. - Indigenous peoples are viewed as different from the dominant group in terms of how they live and express themselves. These behaviours, beliefs, and values place them in conflict with Euro-Canadian cultural values and practices. - Structural theories focus on historical context and how a society is structured. The argument is that over many years, Indigenous peoples were dislocated from their own culture and economic practices and that this has led to a loss of connection and community fragmentation that contributes to socioeconomic disadvantage. 78. Is there a direct link between alcohol/drug misuse and criminal behaviour? Support your answer by citing statistics and research findings. ANSWER Answers will include some or all of the following elements. : - There is evidence of a strong relationship between crime and alcohol and drug Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour involvement. Those under the influence are more likely to commit crimes, those trying to support an addiction are more likely to commit crimes, and possessing illegal drugs is a crime in itself. - There is a strong link between illicit drug use and street crimes. - The majority of offenders who violate release conditions are under the influence of alcohol and drugs. - The majority of offenders have substance abuse issues upon incarceration. 79. According to the textbook, there are three broad factors that link alcohol/drug misuse and crime. Identify and describe each of these factors. ANSWER Answers will include some or all of the following elements. : - Efforts to support addiction can lead to criminal involvement. - Some commit crimes because they are under the influence of alcohol or illicit drugs. - The possession of illegal drugs is a crime in itself. 80. The media often feature stories related to the ongoing “war on drugs.” What evidence does the chapter provide to link illicit drug distribution and other types of crime? ANSWER Answers will include some or all of the following elements. : - A systemic linkage between drugs and crime is outlined by Goldstein (1985), who itemizes a number of connections including disputes over territory between rival drug dealers involving assault, homicide, and robberies. - In Canada, clashes between bikers involving bombings and murders are connected to the drug trade. 81. What is the nature of the relationship between socioeconomic status and crime, and has this changed over time? ANSWER Answers will include some or all of the following elements. : - Throughout history the lower or underclass were seen as responsible for the majority of crime. These groups are associated with unemployment, dangerousness, poor education, and poverty. - Sutherland challenged the notion that the lower SES groups were mainly responsible for crime when he highlighted white-collar crimes. Later, the introduction of self-report studies of crime outlined the reality that crime crosses all class boundaries. - Any perceived strong relationship between SES and crime was small and declined over time. 82. Wright and colleagues (1999) made three fundamental findings concerning the link between socioeconomic status and crime or delinquency. Briefly summarize each of these findings. ANSWER Answers will include some or all of the following elements. : Name : Clas s: Dat e: Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour - The link between SES and crime is indirect and is influenced by attitudes, behaviours, neighbourhood, peer group, family conditions, culture, and economic opportunities. - Low SES promotes delinquency by causing alienation, financial strain, and aggression. - High SES promotes delinquency by reducing the need to follow conventional values as social power increases along with risk-taking behaviours. 83. According to Figure 5.13, Winnipeg and Saskatoon have the highest rate of police-reported crime, as measured by the Crime Severity Index. Based the information presented about the dominant correlates of crime in Canada, what factors might account for these two cities having the highest ranking on the crime severity index? ANSWER Answers will include some or all of the following elements. : - There might be a higher concentration of young men. - There might be variations in socioeconomic status without strong connections to community. - There may be systemic bias at work if there are larger populations of Indigenous peoples. - There may be higher rates of drug and alcohol abuse. - Lack of connection to community based on transient work in oil may contribute to higher crime rates if individuals feel disconnected or lack collective efficacy. 84. What is meant by collective efficacy and why does it often translate into lower crime rates for neighbourhoods? ANSWER Answers will include some or all of the following elements. : - Collective efficacy refers to “social cohesion among neighbours combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good.” - If people do not know their neighbours or feel invested in the common good of the community they will be less likely to have an awareness of the comings and goings of others, they will be less likely to take the pride necessary to protect their neighbourhoods, and they may be more likely to engage in criminal behaviour.