The Human Body An Orientation Worksheets Answer

Chapter 1 Review sheets Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 1.1 Matching Questions Figure 1.1 Using Figure 1.1, identify the following cavities: A: cranial cavity__________________________ B:vertebral cavity ___________________________ Chapter 1 Review sheets C: thoracic cavity___________________________ D: abdominal cavity____________________________ Figure 1.2 Using Figure 1.2, match the following descriptions to the most appropriate letter on the diagram: 5) Information about body temperature is sent through afferent pathways to the brain. C) input 6) Free nerve endings in the skin detect changes in skin temperature (getting colder). B) receptor 7) Appropriate response information is sent through efferent pathways. D) output 8) A change in the temperature of the external environment (getting colder). Chapter 1 Review sheets A) stimulant 9) Skeletal muscles respond with shivering reflex which provides heat to return the body's temperature to a homeostatic balance or "ideal" value. E) response Match the following systems to their functions: A) Muscular B) Skeletal C) Integumentary D) Nervous 10) Provides the force to move bones about their joints. Muscular 11) Responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses. Nervous 12) Provides a ridged framework to support the body and stores minerals. Skeletal 13) Prevents water loss, entry of germs into the body and synthesizes vitamin D. Integumentary Chapter 1 Review sheets Match the following systems to their functions: A) Lymphatic B) Endocrine C) Immune D) Cardiovascular 14) Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones. Endocrine 15) Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. Cardiovascular 16) Produces antibodies that attach to foreign substances. Immune 17) Removes and filters excess fluid from tissues. Lymphatic Match the following examples of feedback mechanisms: A) Negative feedback B) Positive feedback 18) Used for changes in blood glucose levels. Negative feedback 19) Used for changes in blood pressure. Negative feedback Chapter 1 Review sheets 20) Used for blood clotting. Positive feedback 21) Used for childbirth. Positive feedback Match the following systems and organs: A) Respiratory B) Endocrine C) Digestive D) Urinary E) Cardiovascular 22) Arteries, veins, heart. cardiovascular 23) Trachea, bronchi, alveoli. Respiratory 24) Adrenal glands, pancreas, pituitary. Endocrine 25) Esophagus, large intestine, rectum. Digestive 26) Kidneys, bladder, ureters. Urinary Chapter 1 Review sheets Match the following cavities and organs: A) Abdominopelvic B) Cranial C) Thoracic 27) Stomach. Abdominopelvic 28) Heart. Thoracic 29) Uterus. Abdominopelvic 30) Brain. Cranial 31) Lungs. Thoracic Match the following regional terms and common terms: A) Brachial B) Gluteal C) Thoracic D) Patellar E) Cephalic 32) Arm. Chapter 1 Review sheets Brachial 33) Buttock. Gluteal 34) Head. Cephalic 35) Knee (anterior aspect). Patellar 36) Chest. Thoracic Match the regional/directional terms and examples: A) Proximal B) Anterior C) Distal D) Medial E) Lateral 37) The bridge of the nose is ________ to the left eye. Medial 38) The upper arm is ________ to the forearm. Proximal 39) The lungs are ________ to the heart. Chapter 1 Review sheets Lateral 40) The fingers are ________ to the wrist. Distal 41) The stomach is ________ to the spine. Anterior True/False Questions 1)Positive feedback mechanisms tend to enhance the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. True 2) Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) imaging is most useful in discovering obstructed blood supplies in organs and tissues. True 3) The elbow is proximal to the shoulder. False 4) The part of the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum. False 5) A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction. True 6) The right hypochondriac region contains the majority of the stomach. False Chapter 1 Review sheets 7) Lungs carry out an excretory function. True 8) Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception through old age. False 9) A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function. True 10) It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it. 11) Without some sort of negative feedback mechanism, it would be impossible to keep our body chemistry in balance. True 12) Responsiveness or irritability is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them. True 13) The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region. True Multiple Choice Questions 1) Histology would be best defined as a study of ________. A) cells B) tissues C) cell chemistry Chapter 1 Review sheets D) the gross structures of the body 2) The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy. A) microscopic B) gross C) developmental D) systemic 3) Expiration (breathing out) is how the body removes excessive carbon dioxide from the blood. This is an example of ________. A) maintaining boundaries B) excretion of metabolic waste C) responsiveness D) metabolism 4) Generally what is the result of the negative feedback process? A) to control body movement B) to maintain homeostasis C) to keep the body's blood sugar level high D) to regulate excretion via the kidneys 5) The coxal joint is most likely found in ________ region of the body. A) hand B) groin Chapter 1 Review sheets C) foot D) hip 6) A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________. A) complex tissue B) organ system C) organ D) complex cell 7) The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________. A) body erect B) arms at sides C) palms turned posteriorly D) thumbs pointed laterally 8) A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________. A) body temperature regulation B) regulating glucose levels in the blood C) enhancement of labor contractions D) blood calcium level regulation 9) Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane? Chapter 1 Review sheets A) a transverse cut just above the knees B) two cuts dividing the body into left and right halves C) any sagittal plane except in the midline D) any cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions 10) Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region? A) appendix B) stomach C) liver D) intestines 11) The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane ________. A) covering individual lungs B) lining the thoracic cavity C) covering the heart D) lining the abdominal cavity 12) Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli? A) muscular B) lymphatic C) immune D) nervous 13) Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched. A) Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye. Chapter 1 Review sheets B) Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye. C) Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region. D) Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth. 14) Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________. A) the lowest possible energy usage B) a relatively stable internal environment, within limits C) a static state with no deviation from preset points D) a dynamic state within an unlimited range, depending on circumstances 15) In which body cavities are the lungs located? A) pleural, ventral, and thoracic B) mediastinal, thoracic, and ventral C) pleural, dorsal, and abdominal D) pericardial, ventral, and thoracic 16) Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes. A) Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures. B) Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a virtual space between the two. C) Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart. D) Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid. 17) Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: Chapter 1 Review sheets 1. molecules 2. atoms 3. tissues 4. cells 5. organs A) 1-2-3-4-5 B) 2-1-4-3-5 C) 2-1-3-4-5 D) 1-2-4-3-5 18) Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a person's brain? A) X ray B) DSA C) PET D) MRI 19) Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity? A) cranial cavity B) thoracic cavity C) spinal cord D) vertebral cavity 20) In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located? Chapter 1 Review sheets A) right upper quadrant B) right lower quadrant C) left upper quadrant D) left lower quadrant 21) Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? A) It is considered the cause of most diseases. B) The internal environment is becoming more stable. C) Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed. D) Negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally. 22) The term pollex refers to the ________. A) great toe B) calf C) fingers D) thumb 23) The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following? A) intestines B) brain C) lungs D) liver 24) Select the most correct statement. Chapter 1 Review sheets A) The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system. B) Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life. C) The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system. D) Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both. 25) One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to ________. A) indigestible food residues stimulating the excretory system B) sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them C) the nervous system causing all living things to sometimes experience anger D) the necessity for all organisms to reproduce 26) Which of the following are survival needs of the body? A) nutrients, water, movement, and reproduction B) nutrients, water, growth, and reproduction C) water, atmospheric pressure, growth, and movement D) nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen 27) What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called? A) frontal B) regional C) sagittal D) transverse 28) What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions Chapter 1 Review sheets called? A) frontal B) median C) sagittal D) transverse 29) The body cavities that protect the nervous system are located in the ________ cavity. A) cranial B) dorsal C) vertebral D) thoracic E) ventral 30) Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels? A) systemic anatomy B) cardiovascular anatomy C) systemic physiology D) cardiovascular physiology 31) It is wise to study anatomy alongside with physiology because ________. A) it makes for more efficient use of students' and teachers' time B) to understand anatomy requires complete understanding of physiology C) physiology is only explainable in terms of the underlying anatomy Chapter 1 Review sheets D) anatomy and physiology are practically the same thing 32) The study of anatomy and physiology assumes and describes a healthy body. Select the description below that does NOT explain why this approach is useful. A) A healthy body provides a common standard to compare to. B) Study of a healthy body is less intimidating and more familiar new students. C) A healthy body establishes what "normal" is. D) Study of a healthy body provides a foundation for a more complete understanding of all human bodies. 33) One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of anatomical study, the rest are from a physiological perspective. Select the description below that comes from an anatomical perspective. A) The innermost lining of the lungs is composed primarily of a thin tissue called simple squamous epithelium. B) The extremely thin tissue (simple squamous epithelium) of the lungs allows for the quick diffusion of respiratory gases into and out of the body. C) The direction of blood flow through the heart is directed by one way valves. D) The cell-to-cell connections between heart (cardiac) muscle cells are strong. They hold the tissue together for a life time of forceful contractions. 34) One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of physiological study, the rest are from an anatomical perspective. Select the description below that comes from physiological perspective. A) The skull is formed by 22 facial and cranial bones. B) The chambers of the heart and blood vessels leading to and from the heart are separated by valves composed of fibrous connective tissue. C) The pancreas lies deep to the stomach within the abdominal cavity. D) The contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vasoconstriction) can reduce the flow of blood through the vessel. Chapter 1 Review sheets 35) Which of the following is the best explanation for why cells are considered the smallest units of living things. A) Cells cannot be seen with the naked eye and are considered microscopic. B) Cells are highly ordered and complex. C) Cells have the ability to reproduce identical copies of themselves in a process called mitosis. D) Cells are the simplest structure to fit all of the characteristic necessary to be considered alive. Chapter 1 Review sheets 36) Prevention of water loss is a necessary function for life that would best fit in the category of ________. A) maintaining boundaries B) metabolism C) responsiveness D) excretion 37) Anabolic reactions are chemical reactions of the body that build things, make them bigger or more complex. Catabolic reactions break things down making them smaller or less complex. If the rate of anabolic reaction in the body is much faster than the rate of catabolic reactions which of the following necessary life function will be accomplished? A) movement B) responsiveness C) growth D) digestion 38) Anatomical position is important because ________. A) it is the position most comfortable to hospital patients B) it provides the greatest circulation to the extremities C) it allows a common point of reference for body position to help communicate anatomical relationships D) it allows diagrams within textbooks to display a greater surface area of the body with one simple diagram 39) Positive feedback differs from negative feedback because ________. A) positive feedback is generally beneficial while negative feedback is typically harmful B) positive feedback tends to enhance the triggering stimulus while negative feedback tends to return the body to a homeostatic balance or "ideal" level Chapter 1 Review sheets C) positive feedback is critical to health while negative feedback serves only to alert us to potential health threats D) positive feedback provides moment-to-moment wellbeing while negative feedback causes a cascade effect 40) When a baby suckles at its mother's breast the stimulus at the breast is sent to the mother's brain (a region called the hypothalamus). The brain responds by releasing hormones to stimulate the production and the ejection of milk from the breast. This helps the newborn to receive nourishment and encourages more suckling. This example is best described as a ________. A) negative feedback B) loss of homeostasis C) necessary life function D) positive feedback 41) Some of the nerve endings in the skin are sensitive to changes in temperature. They are part of a negative feedback mechanism regulating body temperature. These nerve endings represent a(n) ________ in the negative feedback mechanism. A) homeostatic balance or "ideal" value B) effector C) control center D) receptor 42) You are asked to take a person's heart rate at the popliteal pulse point. You will look for this pulse ________. A) on the posterior side of the knee B) at the posterior side of the wrist C) in the distal end of the lower leg D) on the palmar side of the hand Chapter 1 Review sheets 43) You are told to take an axillary temperature on a small child. You will place the thermometer ________. A) under the tongue B) in the armpit C) in the rectum D) on the forehead 44) You are asked to draw blood from the median cubital vein. You will search for this vein in the ________. A) hand B) anterior side of the elbow C) proximal arm D) lateral side of the foot 45) The thoracic cavity contains the ________. It is found ________ to the vertebral cavity. A) heart and lungs: anterior B) digestive viscera: inferior C) kidneys and spleen: deep D) stomach and liver: superficial Short Answer Questions 1) Similar cells that have a common function are called tissue________. Chapter 1 Review sheets 2) What does the "principle of complementarity of structures and function" mean? The function of a cell/organ/organism depends on its structure. The structure of a cell/organ/organism determines its function. 3) The term that describes the back of the elbow is ________. Olecranal 4) The term that describes the neck region is ________. Cervical region 5) The heart is ________ to the lungs. Medial 6) ________ is explained by chemical and physical principles and is concerned with the function of specific organs or organic systems. Physiology 7) What is a dynamic equilibrium of your internal environment termed? Answer: homeostasis 8) Which cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum? Pelvic cavity 9) What is the serous membrane that covers the intestines called? Visceral 10) What broad term covers all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells? Metabolism 11) What is the function of the serous membranes? Chapter 1 Review sheets Produces lubricating fluid that protects against friction Separates organs within the cavity to prevent spread of infection 12) Can lungs carry out excretory functions? Explain your answer. Yes Carbon dioxide is a metabolic waste the lungs excrete 13) Why is anatomical terminology necessary? Anatomical terms are precise words that have limited usage, which prevents confusion when describing the location of body parts 14) The ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them is called ________. Responsiveness or irritability 15) What is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body? Water 16) Why must a normal body temperature be maintained in order for chemical reactions to be continued at life-sustaining rates? If body temperature is too low, chemical reactions slow and eventually stop. If body temperature is too high, chemical reactions speed up and body proteins lose their normal shape, resulting in loss of function. 17) What is the pathway between the receptor and the control center in the reflex pathway called? Afferent pathway 18) What type of homeostatic feedback reflex is the withdrawal reflex? Negative Chapter 1 Review sheets 19) Why are the abdominopelvic cavity organs the most vulnerable to blunt deceleration in an automobile accident with seat belts? The walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by trunk muscles and are not reinforced by bone. The pelvic organs receive a somewhat greater degree of protection 20) What is the action of all of the negative feedback mechanisms of the body? To maintain homeostasis 21) Which feedback mechanism causes the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range? Positive feedback 22) What can happen when the usual negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over? homeostatic imbalance 23) Which body system would be most affected by a lower than normal atmospheric pressure? Respiratory system 24) Describe the overlap in function between the cardiovascular system and respiratory system. In other words, describe how they work together. The blood is provided ca consistent supply of oxygen from the lungs while the circulatory system delivers carbon dioxide which will be removed from the body by the respiratory system. 25) Describe the overlap in function between the muscular system and skeletal system. In other words, describe how they work together. Chapter 1 Review sheets The skeleton provides the ridged framework levers from muscle to attach to. Muscle provide the force to move the bones about the joints 26) The integumentary system helps to maintain a boundary between the internal and external environment. Give an example of something that is prevented entry to the body and an example of something prevented from escaping the body by the integumentary system. The integument prevents entry of pathogen (germs, virsus, bacterias) or harmful chemicals. The integumentary system prevents water body fluid loss 27) Describe the opposing ways that the muscular system and integumentary system act as effectors in the regulation of body temperature. The integuments cools the body through sweat while the muscular system warms the body by shivering Clinical Questions 1) A small family was traveling in its van and had a minor accident. The children in the back seats were wearing lap belts, but still sustained numerous bruises about the abdomen, and had some internal organ injuries. Why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others? The abdominal organs are the least protected in the body because they are not surrounded by a bony covering such as the ribs, pelvis, or cranium. 2) Steve was injured in a football accident. X-ray examination showed a fracture underlying his left brachial deformity. What part of his body was injured? His left upper arm 3) Judy is 16 years old and collapses on the gym floor with severe pain in her chest wall every time she takes a deep breath. She is rushed by ambulance to the emergency room. Judy is diagnosed with pleurisy and is given an anti-inflammatory drug through the intravenous route. Explain why an anti-inflammatory drug would be prescribed for someone with pleurisy. The pleural space contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the pleurae to slide smoothly over each other as the lungs expand and contract. Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura around the lungs. When inflammation occurs in the pleural space, the pleurae do Chapter 1 Review sheets not slide smoothly and this causes severe pain that is more directly transmitted by the parietal than the visceral pleura.+ 4) Sara is giving birth to her first child. She is concerned that her labor is taking longer than she thought it would. Why does giving birth usually take time for the contractions to proceed to the point when the child is born? Childbirth is based on increaseing level of oxytocin that causes the uterine contractions. Under positive feedback, oxytocin level increases which results in increasing strong contractions by the upper uterus that will ultimately results in the birth of the child. But this positive feedback needs numerous contraction cycles to overcome the muscular resistance of stretching in the lower uterus in order for the head to pass 5) The nurse charted: "Patient has an open wound located on lateral aspect of leg." Describe where the wound is located. The wound is located on the outer side of the leg, the peroneal area or fibulae area