Overview of Laboratory Glassware and Equipment

LABORATORY GLASSWARE Glass is an amorphous substance obtained from mixing materials inorganic material which, after being melted at a high temperature and cooled, will become a solid object. Based on the type of composition of the inorganic materials that make it up, there are several types of glass, namely ordinary glass, emper glass, borosilicate glass and fused emper glass. Glassware used in laboratorieslaboratory glassware) generally borosilicate glass. This glass is made from high quality quartz/ silicate oxide, boro oxide, aluminum oxide and sodium oxide. This type of glass melts at a rather high temperature and has a small starting number, therefore it can be heated to a high temperature and can be immersed in cold water or ice without cracking or breaking. Apart from that, borosilicate glass also does not react with chemicals so it is suitable for use as laboratory glassware. In the trade, this type of glass is known by various brands such as: Pyrex, Yeni, Vycor, Duran, Schott, Assistant and so on. I. Glassware that is often used in laboratories 1. Goblet = Chemical beaker = Beaker Glass Usually made of borosilicate type. Used for solution containers that still require other work, a place to dissolve substances, a place to heat, evaporate the solution/water for a titration vessel using an emerate stirrer and so on. There are tall and short types of goblets, with capacities ranging from 5 to 6000 ml. 2. Erlenmeyer flask = Erlenmeyer Erlenmeyer flasks are made from borosilicate glass, Erlenmeyer flasks areequipped with lids and without lids. The lid of the Erlenmeyer flask is made of sharpened glass and the mouth of the flask is also made of sharpened glass. The lid/mouth of the Erlenmeyer flask is standard sized, the mouth of the flask is medium and wide depending on the needs. Erlenmeyer flasks with sharpened lids are used for reactions that require vigorous shaking, or are used for titration, connected to extraction equipment, distillation equipment and so on. Meanwhile, an Erlenmeyer flask without a sharpening lid is used for titration with gentle to moderate shaking. Erlenmeyer flasks have a capacity of 25 to 2000 ml. 3. Iodine Flask = Iodine Determination Flask Iodine flasks are similar to Erlenmeyer flasks with sharpened lids. The mouth of the flask is equipped with a glass disc which is used to place liquid/solution or water which is used to bind the iodine vapor resulting from the reaction and escapes through the sharpened lid, so that no iodine resulting from the reaction is lost due to evaporation. Iodine flasks have a capacity of 100 to 500 ml. 4. Reaction Tube = Test Tube The function of a test tube is a container for dilution, growing microbes and biochemical testing. Test tubes are generally made from various types of glass, including: Soda Borosilicate, Fiolax and Supremax. Soda Glass cannot withstand heating. Fiolax Glass is not sensitive to changes in heat and local heating. Test tubes made from Fiolax and Soda Glass generally have thin walls, while test tubes made from Borosilicate and Supremax are heat resistant. Some test tubes have lips or rims which are useful for holding the forceps while heating, there are also test tubes which are equippedwith threaded cap or aluminum screw/empera. Test tube sizedetermined based on the diameter of the inner tube mouth and the length of the tube, the inner diameter is between 8 to 30 mm while the tube length is between 70 to 200 mm.Some test tubes have lips or rims which are useful for holding the forceps while heating, there are also test tubes which are equipped with screw caps or aluminum screws. The size of the test tube is determined based on the inner corners of the tube and the length of the tube, the inner diameter is between 30 mm and the tube length is between 70 and 200 mm. Test tubes made from Teflon or polypropylene are very strong and heat resistant up to 135o(polypropylene) 275o( emper). 5. Measuring flask = measuring flask = Volumetric flask Roasted flasks are generally made from borosilicate glass. The measuring flask has a standard size flask mouth which is complete with a lid. The lid of the flask can be made of sharpened glass or Teflon. Measuring flasks come in colorless (clear glass) and colored (amber glass) types. The volumetric flask must not be heated. The use of flasks is to make solutions with precise/precise volumes, dilute or take solutions carefully. Measuring flasks have a volume capacity of 5-2000 ml. 6. Weighing bottles = Weighting Bottles The weighing bottle is made of borosilicate glass, equipped with a sharpened lid. Weighing bottles come in tall or short shapes. Weighing bottles are used for weighing samples, drying materials, or determining the drying loss of materials. Weigh bottle capacity from 15 to 80 ml. 7. Measuring cups = measuring cylinders Cylindrical measuring cup. Made from borosilicate glass.Used to measure liquids inaccurately and not includedin calculations, it can also be used to soak pipettes in washing acid. There are measuring cups equipped with sharpening caps, used to dissolve substances to a certain volume (not precise). The volume capacity of the measuring cup is 5 to 2000 ml. 8. Funnel = Funnels The funnel is made of borosilicate orfiltering solutions, moving liquids or solids. Funnels have a diameter of 35 to 300 mm and some have long, medium and short funnel stems. Apart from that, the stem of the funnel has a wide hole which is used to drain thick liquids. The use of filter paper that has been shaped into a cone should not be higher than the cone of the funnel. The choice of funnel stem depends on the use.empera is used for 9. Measuring pipettes = Graduated Pipets Measuring pipettes are made from clear soda glass, have a capacity of 0.01 to 50 ml which are equipped with a scale division on the pipette wall of 0.001 to 0.5 ml. Some measuring pipettes are equipped with a safety guard and some are equipped with Schellbach lines to make it easier to read the meniscus. 10. Stirring rod = Stirring rod Stirring rods are made of glass, polyethylene or metal wrapped in polyethylene. The stirrer rod has a length according to need, and is used as a solution stirrer or liquid, generally in a beaker flask. Erlenmeyer or test tubes, are sometimes also used as tools to transfer liquids from one vessel to another. Stirring rods generally have a diameter of 2-4 mm and vary in length from 6 to 30 cm. 11. Watch glass = watch glass = watch glasses Made from borosilicate glass, has a diameter varying between 30-200 mm, used to evaporate substances, form crystals, reactions, measure Ph using emperatu paper or to cover flasks during the heating process. 12. Petri dishes = petri dishes = petri dishes = culture dishes Made from borosilicate glass, soda, pilicarbonate which can be sterilized by heating a hot air oven + 150o and autoclave 130o at a steam pressure of 1.6 bar or 23 psi. Petri dishes are used for isolation, purification, and making media/culture for microorganism seeds. Petri dishes come in various diameter sizes. A cup with a diameter of 15 cm can hold 15-20 ml of media, while a cup with a diameter of 9 cm can be filled with 10 ml of media.On the market, Petri dishes are sold made from sterilized polystyrene and are used once and thrown away/destroyed, this is known as Disposable Petri Dishes (disposable Petri Dishes). 13. Dropper Pipettes = Dropping Pipettes Pipettes without scale, have a short or long shape and are equipped with a rubber sucker. Used for various laboratory or other purposes, for example for instilling eye drops, nose drops, or for dripping reagents, adding liquid drop by drop until the volume is right and so on. 14. L Rod (L Rod) The L rod is useful for spreading liquid on the surface so that the bacteria suspended in the liquid are evenly distributed. This tool is also called a spreader. 15. Bunsen Burner (Bunsen Burner) One tool that functions to create sterile conditions is an overhang burner. A burning fire can create air flow because oxygen is consumed from below and it is hoped that contaminants will be burned in this air flow pattern. The part of the fire that is most suitable for lighting it in sterilizing needles or other things is the part of the fire that is blue (the hottest). Overhang changes can use gas or methanol fuel. 16. Durham Tube Durham tubes are similar in shape to test tubes, but are smaller in size and function to contain/trap gases formed due to the temperature of the bacteria being tested. Place it upside down in a test tube and must be completely submerged in the medium (don't let any air remain). II. Non-glass equipment that is often used in laboratories 1. Inoculum Needle The inoculum needle functions to transfer the culture to be planted/grown into new media. The inoculum needle is usually made of nichrome or platinum wire so it can glow when exposed to heat. The shape of the tip of the needle can be circular (loop) and is called a loop or inoculating loop/transfer loop, and the straight shape is called an inoculating needle/transfer needle. The inoculating loop is suitable for streaking thesurface of agar, while the inoculating needle is suitable for inoculating by puncturing straight agar (stab inoculating). This inoculum needle will be very useful when dividing agar for Heinrich's preparation Slide Culture 2. Tweezers Tweezers have many functions, including picking up objects by clamping them, for example when moving an antibiotic disc 3. Ph Universal Indicator The use of Ph is to measure/know the Ph of a solution. This is very important in making media because the Ph of the media affects microbial growth. Ph emperatu paper is dipped until there is no color change, then the color strip is matched to the reference color scale. 4. Pipette Filler/Rubber Bulb A filler is a tool for sucking up a solution that can be attached to the base of a measuring pipette. Rubber as a filler material is rubber that is chemically resistant. The filler has 3 channels, each channel has a valve. The valve with the symbol A (aspirate) is useful for removing air from the bubble. S (suction) is a valve that if pressed, the liquid from the pipette tip will be sucked upwards. Then valve E (exhaust) functions to remove liquid from the measuring pipette.