Homework 6: Blood

HW6-Blood Please answer the following questions by referring to the following powerpoint presentations: "18-Blood" 18-Blood 1. List the 3 components that comprise the Circulatory System: a. heart b. bloed vessels c. bloed 2. List 3 basic functions of the Blood: a.transport b. protection (defense against toxins) a. Fluid regulation 3. The two main components of Blood are Plasma and Formed Elements. Define these components below AND give their approximate percentage of total Blood volume: a. Plemwater, 7% Bloed proteins, 2% nutrients/hormones/electrolytes b. Formed Elements platelets leukocytes erythrocytes 4. Plasma-For the 3 major components of Plasma below, give the following information: 1) All Types/Examples (not applicable to water; 2) Functions; 3) Percentage of total Plasma volume a. Water 91% of total plasma b. Plasma Proteins fibrinogen-converted into fibrin les blood clotting Lalbaumin -transport proteins & plt buffer (60% of total protein volume) globulin-function in immunity && transport (roughly 35% of total c. Other Dissolved Solutes ions (sodium, calciur, potassium) gases (O2, CO2, N2) nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids) waste products (uren, umacnia) regulatory substances (enzymes & hormorss) 5. Define: a. Serum-the fluid left aller bleed has clotted b. Hematocrit-volume of red blood cells (cannot be 2 high os 2 law) c. Viscosity-the ability of a liquid to resist flow (bloed has higher viscosity than water) d. Osmolarity-melarity of dissolved particles (connected to blood pressure) 6. How does Osmolarity play a role in overall blood volume and pressure? What happens if osmolarity is too high? Too low? The amount of selules dissolved in the blued affets fluid absorption. High asmdarity means mere salutes in the blood, which causes the bloed to absorb fluid (thus increasing blood pressure). Low osmolority means less solute in the blood, which causes the luid to remain in tissues, which can caust edema 7. Formed Elements- For the 3 types of Formed Elements below, give the following information: 1) Other names; 2) Functions; 3) Overall percentage of Formed Element volume: a. Erythrocytes- Dred bleed cells 2) gas transport 3)99.9% b. Leukocytes (just give basic information on Leukocytes for now. More details will be discussed in the next chapter, "Lymphatic and Immune System") 1) white blood cells 2) immunity 3) less than 0.1% c. Platelets- 1) 2)clotting 3) less then 0.1% 8. Describe the basic shape/structure of an Erythrocyte (RBC): a flattish disk with a dip in the riddle (like a donut that hasn't been poked all the way through) 9. Approximately how long is the lifespan of a RBC? roughly 120 days 10. Hemoglobin is the most prominent and important protein in RBCs. Answer the following questions pertaining to Hemoglobin: a. What is the function of Hemoglobin? the protein that allows RBCs to carry oxygen b. What is Globin? protein component of hemoglobin (4 subunits) c. What is Heme? What element is contained within heme? Why is it important? non-proteins that contain iren (the post that birds with 02) d. Critical Thinking: How does the form/structure of a RBC determine its functionality? Why does this also limit the lifespan of the RBC? the lack of a nudevos & organelles) gives it a lowes mass than other cells (and they are also flexible). It also makes it easier to flow with the blood. But since there are nee organelles, RBCs conret repair themelues 11. Erythropoiesis, i.e. RBC production, occurs in what tissue of the body? bone marrow 12. The hormone e erythropoietin (EPO) helps stimulate the production. of RBCs. 13. What is a Reticulocyte? What is the clinical significance of a Reticulocyte Count? The reticulocyte is the maturing erythrocyte that has just emerged from the bere mariew & just been enucleated. They still contain ribosomes at this stage, so they can create their own hemoglobin. 14. BIG CONCEPT: RBC/Hemoglobin Breakdown- Answer the following questions pertaining to the breakdown and disposal of RBCs and Hemoglobin: a. Which abdominal organ is primarily responsible for the hemolysis (breakdown) of old and damaged RBCs? the spleen b. When hemoglobin is broken down, it separates into its two components: heart (iron containing portion) and glebin heme (protein portion). c. What happens to Globin after it is further broken down? they & breken down inte amino acids d. What happens to the Iron that was attached to Heme? the iren gets recycled, reabsorbed && reused to make more hemoglobin e. What is Bilirubin? a byproduct of RBC breakdown that is created by f. Which organ is responsible for metabolizing, recycling, and adding Bilirubin to bile? the liver g. What 2 methods of excretion (or organs) permanently eliminate excess Bilirubin and its metabolites from our body? It is either released into the intestines and is excreted in the frees, or it is releard into the kidneys & exareed via urine. 15. Define: a. Anemia Low RBC count redured Os transportation threnghout the body b. Polycythemia excess of RBCs caused by cancer in red bere maltiow c. Sickle Cell Disease deformed RBCs that can block pathways, affecting Oz transport 16. BIG CONCEPT: Blood Typing- This concept will be explained in further detail during lab. For now, please answer the following questions pertaining to Blood Typing: a. Define : 1. Antigen-the coat protein of all body cells (serves as ID tag) 1. Antibody- the fleating proteins that attack foreign substances b. Name the 3 antigens found on RBCs that we use for blood typing. A antigen, Bantigen, Rh-lacter (aka Dantigen) c. Name the 4 blood types. A, B, AB, O d. What happens to red blood cells when an Antibody does not recognize the antigen? agglutination & hemolysis 17. Platelets- Answer the following questions pertaining to Platelets: a. What is the main function/role of Platelets? bloed clets b. From which "large" cell type are platelets derived? megakaryocytes c. Describe the basic process by which these "large" cells create Platelets. These cells repeatedly replicante their DNA & shed small fragments into the bloed vessels, and these fragments become platelets d. List 3 major functions of the chemicals released by Platelets: 1. secretion of growth facters i vasodilation/vascconstriction i attinction of WBCS 18. BIG CONCEPT: Hemostasis- Answer the following questions pertaining to Hemostasis: a. What is the purpose of Hemostasis? Bloed clotting is necessary for the prevention of excersive bleeding b. Step 1- Vascular Spasm: i. What is another name for Vascular Spasm? Vasoconstriction ii. Describe what occurs during Vascular Spasm (what's the purpose?) slows the flow of blood down, thusp spreventing excessive blood loss iii. What are some of the triggers/causes that can initiate Vascular Spasm? smooth muscle injury digtethy pain recepters, induce vasoconstriction c. Step 2- Platelet Plug Formation: i. Why does the chemical Prostacyclin need to be inhibited before the Platelet Plug Formation can begin? prostacyclin prevents clotting when there is no is no injury, so where there is an injury, prostacyclin needs to be inhibited ii. Describe how Platelets form a "plug" during this process (what is the mechanism?) platelets bind to broken vessel and degranulate to form wall & to other platelets form "spikes" to stick to the iii. Why is "Degranulation" important during Platelet Plug Formation? Degranulation helps the platelets stick to the damaged blood vessels && to each other iv. Name 3 chemicals that are released by Platelets AND tell what they do. Seretenin, APP, thromboxane v. Why is the process of Platelet Plug Formation considered to be a Positive Feedback Les? the platelets continue to degranulate and attract mare platelets, creating on bigger and bigger clot d. Step 3- Coagulation: i. Coagulation is more commonly known as, datting ii. What is the ultimate function/purpose of Coagulation? to prevent too much blood from leaving the blood vessels iii. During the Coagulation Cascade, there are two pathways that work simultaneously to form a blood clot: Extrinsic and Intrinsic. The Extrinsic pathway releases clotting factors from damaged tissues contains clotting factors found in bloed whereas the Intrinsic pathway iv. The Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways form a common pathway of Coagulation when they activate clotting factor fibrin v. Complete the Coagulation Pathway: Factor X converts Prothrombin into thiomborin. Subsequently, this enzyme will convert Fibrinogen into the active clotting protein called fibrin