Notes - Chapter 5

Write down as many parts of a cell you remember 1 Which cell structure contains the genetic information? 2 Draw the shape/structure of DNA 3 Cells, Organisms and Reproduction Chapter 5 3/9/2026 4 Cell Division 3/9/2026 5 Learning Goals Describe DNA as a double Helix and explain its role (passing on genetic code to offspring) Describe the function of mitosis (reproduction, growth, and regeneration) Describe the function of meiosis (production of gametes) Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis based on their functions Indicate the advantages of sexual reproduction (blending of genes from both parents, creating differences between parents and offspring) Associate genetic diversity with sexual reproduction 3/9/2026 6 Learning Goals Describe DNA as a double Helix and explain its role (passing on genetic code to offspring) Describe the function of mitosis (reproduction, growth, and regeneration) Describe the function of meiosis (production of gametes) Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis based on their functions Indicate the advantages of sexual reproduction (blending of genes from both parents, creating differences between parents and offspring) Associate genetic diversity with sexual reproduction 3/9/2026 7 Learning Goals Describe DNA as a double Helix and explain its role (passing on genetic code to offspring) Describe the function of mitosis (reproduction, growth, and regeneration) Describe the function of meiosis (production of gametes) Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis based on their functions Indicate the advantages of sexual reproduction (blending of genes from both parents, creating differences between parents and offspring) Associate genetic diversity with sexual reproduction 3/9/2026 8 Learning Goals Describe DNA as a double Helix and explain its role (passing on genetic code to offspring) Describe the function of mitosis (reproduction, growth, and regeneration) Describe the function of meiosis (production of gametes) Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis based on their functions Indicate the advantages of sexual reproduction (blending of genes from both parents, creating differences between parents and offspring) Associate genetic diversity with sexual reproduction 3/9/2026 9 Learning Goals Describe DNA as a double Helix and explain its role (passing on genetic code to offspring) Describe the function of mitosis (reproduction, growth, and regeneration) Describe the function of meiosis (production of gametes) Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis based on their functions Indicate the advantages of sexual reproduction (blending of genes from both parents, creating differences between parents and offspring) Associate genetic diversity with sexual reproduction 3/9/2026 10 Learning Goals Describe DNA as a double Helix and explain its role (passing on genetic code to offspring) Describe the function of mitosis (reproduction, growth, and regeneration) Describe the function of meiosis (production of gametes) Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis based on their functions Indicate the advantages of sexual reproduction (blending of genes from both parents, creating differences between parents and offspring) Associate genetic diversity with sexual reproduction 3/9/2026 11 DNA • DNA is a molecule located in the cell's nucleus. • It contains an organism's genetic code. 3/9/2026 12 DNA • Is shaped like a double helix (twisted ladder). • Carries the genetic code (genes) from parents to offspring 13 Some Terminology To Know... • Gametes are ‘haploid cells’ and have ONE COPY of the chromosomes. • Parent cells are ‘diploid cells’ and have TWO COPIES of the chromosomes. 3/9/2026 14 Cell Division The two types of cell division are mitosis and meiosis. 15 Mitosis Cell division resulting in 2 genetically identical daughter cells with TWO copies of the chromosomes of the parent cell. Parent Cell 16 Functions of mitosis Growth: Increasing the number of cells of the organism Repair: Repairing damaged cells by replacing them with new ones Asexual reproduction: Reproduction by making identical copies (clones) 17 Meiosis Cell division resulting in 4 genetically different daughter cells (gametes) with ONE copy of the chromosomes of the parent cell. Parent Cell 18 Function of meiosis • The production of gametes (sperm/ova) for sexual reproduction. 3/9/2026 19 Genetic Diversity • Combining genes from both parents (sexual reproduction) allows for increased genetic diversity. • Offspring that are genetically different from their parents is beneficial for the survival of its species. 3/9/2026 20 WHY/HOW does more genetic diversity in a species increase its chances of survival? 3/9/2026 21 Jennifer scraped her knee while playing soccer. 2 weeks later her knee healed. This is thanks to…? 3/9/2026 Mitosis Meiosis A B 22 What are the 3 functions of mitosis? 3/9/2026 23 What are the 3 functions of mitosis? 1. Growth 2. Repair 3. Asexual reproduction 3/9/2026 24 Is this mitosis or meiosis? How do you know? 3/9/2026 Mitosis Meiosis A B 25 Why do meiosis daughter cells have half the chromosomes? 3/9/2026 26 What feedback can we give to make the answer more accurate? 3/9/2026 27 What feedback can we give to make the answer more accurate? 3/9/2026 28 What feedback can we give to make the answer more accurate? 3/9/2026 29 What feedback can we give to make the answer more accurate? 3/9/2026 30 What feedback can we give to make the answer more accurate? 3/9/2026 31 What feedback can we give to make the answer more accurate? 3/9/2026 32 Cellular Organisation 3/9/2026 33 Learning Goals • Know the definitions of tissues, organs, and systems. • Know the functions performed by the human body (nutrition, relationships, reproduction) 3/9/2026 34 Learning Goals • Know the definitions of tissues, organs, and systems. • Know the functions performed by the human body (nutrition, relationships, reproduction) 3/9/2026 35 Tissues • Many identical or different cells that work together to perform a common function in an organism. 3/9/2026 36 Organs • A collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function. • Examples: o Heart o Kidneys o Lungs 3/9/2026 37 Systems • A group of components that work together to perform a specific function. • The components can be cells, tissues, or organs. • Examples: o Musculoskeletal system o Cardiovascular system o Nervous system 3/9/2026 38 Systems and the main functions of the body: Function Description Systems Involved Nutrition Coordination (Relationships) Reproduction 3/9/2026 ingestion, digestion and absorption of nutrients ability of the body to monitor and respond to changes in its external and internal environment process by which organisms make new members of the species Digestive Nervous Musculoskeletal Reproductive 39 The heart is an example of? 3/9/2026 Tissue Organ System A B C 40 The image is an example of? 3/9/2026 Tissue Organ System A B C 41 The image is an example of? 3/9/2026 Tissue Organ System A B C 42 Human Reproduction 3/9/2026 43 Learning Goals • Know what changes (physically and mentally) in males and females during puberty. • Explain how erections occur and the function of ejaculation. • Know the hormones responsible for making of sperm. • Know the hormones responsible for making of ova. • Know the main stages of the menstrual cycle (menstruation, endometrium development, ovulation) • Describe the changes in hormones during those stages 3/9/2026 44 Learning Goals • Know what changes (physically and mentally) in males and females during puberty. • Explain how erections occur and the function of ejaculation. • Know the hormones responsible for making of sperm. • Know the hormones responsible for making of ova. • Know the main stages of the menstrual cycle (menstruation, endometrium development, ovulation) • Describe the changes in hormones during those stages 3/9/2026 45 Learning Goals • Know what changes (physically and mentally) in males and females during puberty. • Explain how erections occur and the function of ejaculation. • Know the hormones responsible for making of sperm. • Know the hormones responsible for making of ova. • Know the main stages of the menstrual cycle (menstruation, endometrium development, ovulation) • Describe the changes in hormones during those stages 3/9/2026 46 Learning Goals • Know what changes (physically and mentally) in males and females during puberty. • Explain how erections occur and the function of ejaculation. • Know the hormones responsible for making of sperm. • Know the hormones responsible for making of ova. • Know the main stages of the menstrual cycle (menstruation, endometrium development, ovulation) • Describe the changes in hormones during those stages 3/9/2026 47 Learning Goals • Know what changes (physically and mentally) in males and females during puberty. • Explain how erections occur and the function of ejaculation. • Know the hormones responsible for making of sperm. • Know the hormones responsible for making of ova. • Know the main stages of the menstrual cycle (menstruation, endometrium development, ovulation) • Describe the changes in hormones during those stages 3/9/2026 48 Learning Goals • Know what changes (physically and mentally) in males and females during puberty. • Explain how erections occur and the function of ejaculation. • Know the hormones responsible for making of sperm. • Know the hormones responsible for making of ova. • Know the main stages of the menstrual cycle (menstruation, endometrium development, ovulation) • Describe the changes in hormones during those stages 3/9/2026 49 Puberty • The process of becoming sexually mature. Usually happens between the ages of 10-14 for females and 12-16 for males. • Puberty brings the following changes: o Body hair growth o Deeper voice and wider shoulders (males) o Widening hips and breast development (females) o Development of genitalia, production of gametes, and sexual urges o Need for independence 3/9/2026 50 3/9/2026 51 Hormone Regulation In Males • Sperm cells are produced in the testicles (meiosis). • Males produce the following hormones necessary to sperm production: o Follicle stimulating hormone [FSH], o Luteinizing hormone [LH], o Testosterone 3/9/2026 52 Hormone Regulation in Males Hormone 3/9/2026 Secreted By Function Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Pituitary Gland Causes the testicles to produce spermatozoa Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Pituitary Gland Causes the testicles to produce testosterone Testosterone Testicles Plays a role in regulating spermatozoa production 53 Role Of Males In Reproduction • Erection: o When aroused, blood flows into the spongy tissue of the penis and it engorges to become erect, allowing for sexual reproduction to take place. • Ejaculation: o Releasing semen (80-300 million sperm cells) from the penis. 3/9/2026 54 Hormone Regulation In Females • Ova are produced in the ovaries (meiosis). • The menstrual cycle and the ovarian cycle is regulated by the following hormones: o Follicle stimulating hormone [FSH], o Luteinizing hormone [LH], o Estrogen o Progesterone 3/9/2026 55 The Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles • Two things are happening at once: 1. The uterus prepares for a fertilized egg by getting thicker are having more blood vessels nearby that will help provide nutrients to a developing featus. 2. The ovum getting ready to leave the ovaries 3/9/2026 56 The Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles • Hormones fluctuating over the 28 day cycle 3/9/2026 57 The Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles • Hormones fluctuating over the 28 day cycle • Menstrual cycle = Uterine lining called 'endometrium' preparing for implantation of fertilized egg (maybe) • Ovarian cycle = ovaries producing an ovum 3/9/2026 58 The Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles • Ovarian cycle = ovaries producing an ovum 3/9/2026 59 The Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles • Hormones fluctuating over the 28 day cycle • Menstrual cycle = Uterine lining called 'endometrium' preparing for implantation of fertilized egg (maybe) • Ovarian cycle = ovaries producing an ovum 3/9/2026 60 Menstrual Phase • Day 1 to 6 of the cycle • The removal of unfertilized ovum and endometrium causing "bleeding" • Ovum begins its development in its 'follicle' • Low levels of estrogen and progesterone 3/9/2026 61 Proliferative Phase (endometrium development) • Day 6 to 14 • The uterus builds up a thick inner lining so a potential fertilized egg can implant and grow. • Brain (pituitary gland) releases FSH telling the ovaries to prepare ovum for release from 'follicle' • The follicle produces estrogen which signals the uterine lining to grow. It drops right before ovulation 3/9/2026 62 Ovulation • Day ~14 of the cycle • The spike in LH causes the ovum to be released from the follicle (ovulation) • Estrogen levels drop after ovulation 3/9/2026 63 Secretory Phase • Days 15 to 28 of the cycle • Progesterone rising tells uterine lining to stop thickening • Uterine lining gets ready to support a pregnancy OR to breakdown for menstruation 3/9/2026 64 3/9/2026 65 Menstrual Cycle is 32 days. When will her next cycle begin? When will ovulation take place? 3/9/2026 66 Menstrual Cycle is 29 days. When will her next cycle begin? When will ovulation take place? 3/9/2026 67 1. What occurs during ovulation? 2. Which hormone is responsible for it? 3/9/2026 68 1. What occurs during ovulation? 2. Which hormone is responsible for it? 1. The ovum is released from the ovary (follicle) 2. LH cause ovulation to occur 3/9/2026 69 What are the 3 hormones responsible for sperm production? 3/9/2026 70 What are the 3 hormones responsible for sperm production? 1. LH 2.FSH 3.Testosterone 3/9/2026 71 Which phase of the menstrual cycle starts the process of endometrium thickening? 3/9/2026 72 Which phase of the menstrual cycle starts the process of endometrium thickening? •The Proliferative Phase 3/9/2026 73 What hormone is responsible for causing Ovulation? 3/9/2026 74 What hormone is responsible for causing Ovulation? •LH 3/9/2026 75 What are the 4 hormones responsible for ova production? 3/9/2026 76 What are the 4 hormones responsible for ova production? • LH • FSH • Estrogen • Progesterone 3/9/2026 77