APES Review Packet

Name: _________________________________________ APES APES Review Packet 1. Use the axes to the right for the following: a. Draw and label a line that represents linear growth. 2. List the four most populated countries in the world (in order) (1) China (3) United States (2) India (4) Indonesia Population b. Draw and label a line that represents exponential growth. Time 3. Define the term ecological footprint, what types of countries have low and high ecological footprints? Amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply an individual or population with its needed resources, and absorb its wastes. 4. Write an equation for the rule of 70, and what the rule of 70 is used to calculate: Doubling Time = 70/ r where r is the growth rate in percent. Used to calculate the time it takes a population to double in size. ! 5. Perform the following calculations: (Show all of your work in a logical progression to the final answer.) a. A city has a population of 50,000 in 2012. If the population of the city grows at an annual rate of 2%, the year in which the population will reach 100,000 is 2047 and the year it will reach 200,000 is 2082 Show ALL work: Doubling Time = 70/2 = 35 years à 2012 + 35 = 2047 à 2047 + 35 = 2082 b. A countryÕs population was 12 million in 1992 and in 2012 it is 24 million. If the population grew at a constant rate, that percent rate of growth was _____________. Show ALL work: Doubling time = 2012-1992 = 20 years à 20 years * r = 70 à r = 70/20 à r =3.5% 6. Complete the following table by writing ÒhighÓ or ÒlowÓ in each box below. More Economically Developed Less Economically Developed Characteristic Counties (MEDCs) Countries (LEDCs) per capita GDP High degree of industrialization Low High Low infant mortality rate Low High per capita fossil fuel use High Low ecological footprint High High greenhouse gas emissions High Low risk from heart disease High Low risk from infectious diseases Low High 7. Identify three examples of renewable resources and three examples of nonrenewable resources. (1) Water Renewable: (2) Wind (3) Solar Also: Geothermal, Forests (1) Coal Nonrenewable: (2) Natural Gas (3) Petroleum Also: Nuclear, minerals 8. Define the following: a. total fertility rate an estimate of the average number of children that women in a given population have during their childbearing years. b. replacement level fertility the average number of children a couple must have to replace themselves. Usually just above 2. c. infant mortality rate number of babies per 1000 born each year that die before their first birthday d. crude birth rate number of live births per 1000 people in a population e. crude death rate number of deaths per 1000 people in a population 9. Describe the circumstances that will result in a Tragedy of the Commons. The depletion or degradation of a potentially renewable resource to which people have free and unlimited and unmanaged access. 10. Describe an example of a Tragedy of the Commons. Depletion of a commercially desirable fish species in the open ocean beyond area controlled by coastal countries. 11. On the axes to the right, draw a line showing a population that exemplifies logistic growth and label the carrying capacity. 12. Perform the following calculation. Show all of your work: In a particular year a population has the following characteristics: the crude birth rate is 45, the crude death rate is 20, the immigration rate is 1%, and the emigration rate is 0.5%. The percent rate of growth for that year is __________. Show ALL work: (45-20)/10 = 2.5% + 1% - 0.5% = 3% 13. Describe an example of a positive feedback loop. Global warming has lots of examples. Increased surface temperatures causes the permafrost in the tundra to melt. The melting permafrost releases methane into the atmosphere. Methane is a greenhouse gas that causes increased surface temperatures. 14. Use the axes below to draw and label lines representing the birth rate, death rate and total population size during the idealized demographic transition of a country. Include, written directly onto the graph, the names of each phase and TWO explanations for each change in the birth rate and death rate for each phase. 15. On the axes below, draw and completely label four age-structure diagrams that represent slow growth, rapid growth, negative growth, and zero population growth (include labels on the x- and y-axes) 16. Describe an example of a negative feedback loop. Warmer temperatures cause more evaporation of water into the atmosphere. Increased water vapor causes more clouds to form. Clouds reflect incoming solar radiation causing the surface temperature to decrease. 17. Arrange the following types of electromagnetic radiation in order from lowest to highest energy: Ultraviolet, Microwave, Infrared, Gamma, Radio, X-ray, Visible. Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, 18. List the following types of visible light in order from shortest to longest wavelength: Green, Orange, Red, Yellow, Blue, Violet. Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet 19. Identify three examples organic compounds and three examples of inorganic compounds. (1) hydrocarbons Organic: (2) glucose (3) PCBs (1) Ammonia Inorganic: (2) Carbon dioxide (3) Nitric acid Organic contains at least two carbons combined with other element. 20. Using the axes on the right, draw and label three survivorship curves exemplifying early-loss, late loss, and constant-loss species. Give two examples of organisms that exhibit each type of survivorship curve 21. List three consequences of global warming. Rise in sea level will cause flooding, spread of disease outside of normal areas (ex: malaria outside the tropics), and more droughts, wildfires, etc. 22. List three things you could do to decrease your contribution to global warming. (1) Improve energy efficiency (2) Reduce gasoline use by walking, biking, and carpooling (3) Eat less meat à less methane from cows 23. List four greenhouse gases. (1) Methane (CH4) (3) Water Vapor (H2O) (2) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) 24. Use the axes to the right for the following: a. Draw a line representing the EarthÕs atmosphere and label each layer of the EarthÕs atmosphere and identify where the greenhouse effect occurs and the ozone layer is situated. 25. Humans began agriculture approximately 12,500 years ago. 26. A man-made product is also known as anthropogenic 27. The molecular formula of ozone is O3 28. In the box below, write out a series of chemical equations that illustrate the destruction of the ozone in the ozone layer. Natural:! ! 3O2!+!UV!à!2O3! Depletion:! ! CFC!+!UV!à!Cl! ! Cl!+!O3!à!O2!+!ClO! ! ClO!+!O!à!O2!+!Cl! ! The!Cl!can!react!with!thousands!of!O3!molecules! 29. The acronym CFC refers to Chlorofluorocarbon which is: The group of chemicals that were used in refrigerants and aerosol cans that have depleted the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Montreal protocol eliminated their use. They have been replaced with HFCs. 30. Identify three examples of biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem: (1) Plants Biotic: (2) Animals (3) Bacteria (1) Soil Abiotic: (2) Water (3) Rock 31. Complete the following table for these biogeochemical cycles: Trait Importance to life Largest reservoir Methods of transport Cycle duration (long/short) Carbon Building block of major macromolecules and greenhouse gas Nitrogen Phosphorus Water Key component in protein and DNA. Needed for plant growth Needed$for$plant$ growth.$ATP,$bones,$ Teeth$ Rock Atmosphere Rocks Ocean Photosynthesis, Respiration, Absorption, Decomposition, fossil fuels Fixation, Nitrification, Denitrification, Assimilation, Ammonification Weathering and Erosion, Runoff Precipitation, Runoff, Infiltration, etc. Long Short Longest Short Essential to all living organisms, universal solvent Sulfur Cycle: Essential nutrient for amino acids, proteins, and enzymes. Main Reservoir: Rocks Processes: Volcanic eruptions, fossil fuel combustion, decaying vegetation, etc. Duration: Short 32. Write the balanced chemical equations for photosynthesis and respiration in the boxes to the right. 33. The approximate age of the Earth is 4.5 billion years. ! 34. Match the following: a. generalist species b. specialist species c. invasive species d. keystone species e. indicator species f. endemic Species Photosynthesis: ! ! 6CO2!+!6H2O!+!sun!à!C6H12O6!+!6O2! Cellular Respiration:! ! C6H12O6!+!6O2!à6CO2!+!6H2O!+!energy! C Zebra mussel F Galapagos tortoise D American Alligator E Tiger salamander A Norway rat B Giant Panda 35. Define the term biodiversity. Variety of species, genetic information, ecosystems, and functions 36. Define the term biome. Regions of the Earth that are characterized by certain types of life, especially vegetation. 37. What main factors determine the type of biome an area will have? Climate (precipitation and temperature) which is based on location à Latitude, proximity to water, elevation, etc. 38. Describe the circumstances that will result in cultural eutrophication. Nutrients runoff into lake or other water body. Excess nitrogen and phosphorus stimulate algae growth. Excess algae promotes animal life within the lake. Algae and animal life will be decomposed by bacteria which will use dissolved oxygen for decomposition. This makes the lake hypoxic (low oxygen) or anoxic (no oxygen). Without enough oxygen fish and shellfish die. Nutrient sources: agriculture and lawn fertilizers, organophosphate pesticides, phosphate detergents, manure, etc. 39. Explain HOW the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to ocean acidification. Include a chemical equation in your answer. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the ocean creating carbonic acid. CO2 + H2O à H2CO3 Increases in carbonic acid, lowers pH of the ocean. This acidification leads to weakening of shells that are carbonate based. May also result in coral bleaching. 40. Sketch and/or label the following on the map of the world below: a. b. c. d. the equator the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn the Mid-Atlantic Ridge the location of suppressed upwelling characteristic of the occurrence of El Ni–o e. the location of India, Ethiopia, Brazil, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Japan, Bangladesh, and Fremont (ß from the FRQs J) f. Mediterranean Sea, Aral Sea, Red Sea and the Ogallala Aquifer. 41. Complete the following table: Type of Biome Typical Location Tropical Rain Forest Tropics Temperate Deciduous Forest Outside Tropics but not Polar Taiga (Boreal) Forest Northern N.A. and Eurasia Tropical Grasslands (Savanna) Tropics Africa, S.A., Australia Temperate Grassland (Prairie) Outside Tropics but not Polar Tundra (Cold Grassland) Northern N.A. and Eurasia Typical Climate Steady high temps, lots of rain Defined seasons, moderate rainfall 30¡ Latitude areas 42. Name the following: NO Ð Nitrogen oxide Animals Ð Chimpanzees, frogs, cheetahs Plants Ð Deciduous trees, Animals Ð Hawks, deer, foxes, owls Cold temps Lower rainfall Plants Ð Conifers, cone-bearing trees Animals Ð Moose, deer, foxes, owls Steady high temps, Plants Ð Tall grasses, trees clear rain/dry season Animals Ð Lions, giraffes, elephants Defined seasons, moderate rainfall Plants Ð Short grass Animals Ð Prairie dogs, wolves, rabbits Cold, low rainfall Desert Characteristic adaptations for survival (very general) Plants Ð Dense canopy Tropical, hot/dry Temperature, Moderate/dry Polar- cold/dry Plants Ð Grasses, low growing plants, permafrost Animals Ð Polar bears, seals, fox, owl Plants Ð Cacti Animals Ð Lizards, heat tolerant, etc. NOx - Nitrogen oxides NO2- - Nitrite NO3- - Nitrate NO2 - Nitrogen dioxide N2O Ð Nitrous oxide N2 Ð Nitrogen gas NH3 - Ammonia + NH4 - Ammonium HNO3 - Nitric Acid 43. In the box to the right, sketch a house and the surroundings of a house that is designed to make the greatest use of passive solar energy in the northern hemisphere. Include, inside the box, the location of both the winter and summer sun, and labels to indicate the compass direction that the house faces. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Make%sure%you%understand%how% ! the%season%work!%We%are%closest% ! South! to%the%sun%on%January%3rd!% ! ! ! ! ! Your%house%should%have%a%lot%of%windows%on%the%south%side%of%the%house.%There%should%be%an%overhang% to%block%summer%sunlight.%Inside%should%have%surfaces%that%are%good%at%absorbing%and%proper% circulation%to%move%the%heat%throughout%the%house.%% Use the information in the diagram on the right to answer the following: 44. The percent change in the per capita global production of protein from poultry between 1980 and 2000 was approximately ______________. Show work: (25 -13)/13 x 100 = 92% 45. The percent change in the per capita global production of protein from farmed fish between 1980 and 2000 was approximately ____________. Show work: (12-2.5)/2.5 x 100 = 380% 46. The percent change in the per capita global production of protein from beef between 1961 and 2009 was approximately ___________. Show work: (20 Ð 20)/20 x 100 = 0% 47. Rachel Carson wrote the book Silent Spring to raise peopleÕs awareness of the harmful effects of the pesticide DDT. 48. The acronym ENSO refers to El Nino Southern Oscillation a phenomenon that occurs in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Peru. 49. Place the following nine events in chronological order, beginning with the most recent: Oil spill of the Exxon Valdez; the meltdown of the reactor at Chernobyl; the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon; the discovery of contamination at Love Canal; the leak of methyl isocyanate in Bhopal; the drafting of the Kyoto Protocol; the ratification of the Montreal Protocol, passage of the US Endangered Species Act. (1) Deepwater Horizon (4) Montreal Protocol - 1983 (7) Love Canal - 1978 (2) Kyoto - 1997 (5) Chernobyl - 1986 (8) Endangered Species Act - 1973 (3) Exxon Valdez - 1989 (6) Bhopal - 1984 (9) Earth Day - 1970 50. The acronym BOD refers to Biological Oxygen Demand which is: the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic bacteria to decompose the organic matter present in a water body. 51. The acronym GMO refers to Genetically Modified Organism which is: Any organism that had its genetic material modified by genetic engineering techniques. 52. Perform the following calculation. Show all of your work. If the grasses on a 100-hectare area of grassland grow at an average rate of 1 cm/day, the average volume of grass that is added to the grassland each day is ____________ m3. If the density of the grasses that grow in the grassland averages 400 kg/m3, the net primary productivity is approximately _____________ g/m2/day or _____________ g/m2/year. Show work: 100 hectare x 10,000 m2/hectare = 1x106 m2 x 0.01 m/day = 10,000 m3/day 10,000 m3/day x 400 kg/m3 x 1000 g/1 kg = 4 x 109 g/day / 1 x 106 m2 = 4000 g/m2/day $ 4000 g/m2/day x 365 day/year = 1460000 g/m2/year 53. Perform the following calculation. Show all of your work. A 40 m2 solar array is installed on a house where the average insolation is 6 kWh/m2/day if the average total electricity output of the array is 1.2 kWh/hr; the efficiency of the array is ____________. Show work: 40 m2/day ¥ 6 kWh/m2/day = 240 kWh/day ¥ 1 day/24 hours = 10 kWh/hour 1.2 kWh/hr / 10 kWh/hr = 0.12 = 12% 54. Consider the graph on the right and explain what can be inferred from the data it presents. The more we educate and empower women, they will be able to make more informed decisions related to family size, and therefore the total fertility rate is lower. 55. Match the ten most populous urban areas in the world with its respective continent: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Asia N. America S. America Africa Australia Europe Antarctica b. Mexico City a. Seoul a. Mumbai b. Los Angeles c. Sao Paulo a. Jakarta a. Osaka/Kobe a. Delhi a.$Tokyo a.$Shanghai 56. Define the followingÉ Watershed: Land area surrounding a river system that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substnace to this river system. Clean Air Act: US federal law designed to control air pollution. Requires the EPA to develop and enforce regulations against the six common outdoor air pollutants that are known to be hazardous to human health. These include: ozone, particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, lead, and carbon monoxide. Clean Water Act: US federal law that makes the EPA in charge of implementing pollution control programs to ensure water quality standards for surface water. DOES NOT INCLUDE GW, wells, and artificial lakes. Safe Drinking Water Act: The EPA sets standards to protect drinking water against animal wastes, chemical wastes, etc. Does not cover private wells. Sets MCLs (maximum contaminant levels) for at least 77 substances. El Ni–o: Warmer waters off the coast of Peru as a result of weakening Trade winds, which shuts off the upwelling that occurs right along the coast. Causes a large number of climatic changes all over the world. Baghouse filter Air pollution control technology that is used to remove particulates out of the gases/air released from commercial processes or power generation. Electrostatic precipitator: Applies a high voltage electrostatic charge to capture particulates from industrial processes. Dioxin: Known carcinogen that is formed during the combustion of plastic. Also linked to paper bleaching and herbicide manufacturing. 57. Explain three sources of methane that are amplified by human activities. (1) Cattle Farms (2) Landfills (3) Fracking/ natural gas + petroleum emissons Also Rice farming 58. The box to the right contains a crude depiction of a mountain, use it to sketch and label the essential atributes of a rain shadow. Include labels for the direction of the prevailing winds and nearest ocean. 59. NO2 is converted to N2 and O2 in a Catalytic convertor, which also converts hydrocarbons to CO2 and H2O 60. Explain the causes and effects of an urban heat island. Impermeable surfaces (roads, buildings, etc.) replace porous natural surfaces Sun can heat roofs and asphalts much hotter than air temps Increased levels of air pollutants 61. Perform the following calculations: (Show all of your work.) a. A rectangular area of forest that measures 10 thousand meters by 300 thousand meters has an area of 3 x 103 square kilometers. Show work: 10,000 m x 300,000 m = 3 x 109 m2 x 1 km2/1x106 m2 = 3 x 103 km2 b. A 60-Watt light bulb that is used for an average of 4 hours each day uses ___________ kilowatt-hours of electricity per year. Show work: 60 W ¥ 4 hr = 240 Whr ¥ 1 kw/1000W = 0.240 kWh/day ¥ 365 days/year = 87.6 kWh/year 62. List two characteristics of an r-selected species. (1) Many offspring (2) Generalists/ broad niche Also: little to no maternal care 63. List two characteristics of a K-selected species. (1) Few offspring (2) Specialist/narrow niche Also: Lots of maternal care 64. What are three characteristics of endangered/extinct species? Niche specialists, few offspring, useful to humans 65. Identify two examples of endangered species. (1) Piping Plover (2) Orangutan 66. What are three characteristics of invasive species? Niche generalists, lots of offspring, no natural predators 67. Identify two examples of invasive species. (1) Phragmites (2) Cane Toad 68. A company is importing rare tropical hardwood to manufacture furniture, list three laws, regulations, treaties, or acts that the company may have violated. (1) CITES Ð Treaty on the international trade of Endangered species (2) Lacey Act Ð prohibits the interstate transport of wild animals without a permit. (3) Kyoto Protocol Ð Agreement to reduce GHG emissions Ð during the harvesting of the lumber 69. Whaling is justified in the name of scientific research, by the countries of Norway and Iceland, and Japan. 70. Complete the following table: Ecosystem An economically valuable ecosystem service it provides Component honey bee Pollination - orchards Purification, transports nutrients water cycle forest bat Purification of air and soil, erosion prevention Keeps mosquitos at bay, pollinate plants, disperse seeds bacteria Breakdown wastes (landfill) and potentially other toxings coral reef Storm protection/habitat for fish wetland Water filtration/ storm protection/flood control 71. Two islands, different distances from the mainland have different rates of extinction, this is explained by the theory of island biogeography. 72. Dredging is an ecologically damaging fishing technique typically used to harvest scallops, crabs, and shrimp from the sea floor. 73. 71 of the Earth is covered with water. Of all the water on Earth 97% of it is saltwater, 69% is frozen, and 1% is available and relatively accessible. 74. Arrange the following particles in order of smallest to largest: clay, sand, silt (1) clay (2) silt (3) sand 75. What are the 3 most commonly produced grains? (1) Corn (2) wheat (3) rice 76. List four innovations that characterized the Green revolution. (1) Irrigation (3) GMO and artificial selection (2) Synthetic pesticides (4) Synthetic ferilizer 77. What was the Green Revolution and why is it important? Popular term for the introduction of scientifically bredor selected variaties of grain that with adequate inputs of fertilizer and water can greatly improved crop yield. 78. Use the axes below to draw and label an illustration of the pesticide treadmill, make sure to label predator, pest and application of pesticide. 79. Explain out the process of the pesticide treadmill and the creation of superbugs. As a pesticide is applied, organisms in a species that is adapted to survive the pesticide will pass this trait to its offspring. Therefore, over time, the population will become resistant to the pesticide. Therefore, a new pesticide needs to be applied. 80. Explain how the biomagnification of DDT led to the (near) demise of the Bald Eagle population in the US. DDT is fat soluble and therefore accumulates in the tissue of smaller organisms. As you go up the food chain the amount of DDT in the creature gets much bigger. DDT in Bald Eagle was causing the egg shells to thin. When adult bird sat on them to incubate, they would crack. 81. List three things you could do to conserve water. (1) Be a vegetarian (2) Use greywater (3) Low flow appliances, such as toilets and shower heads. 82. Perform the following calculations: (Show all of your work.) a. A family of 5 replaces a 6-gallon/minute showerhead with a new 2-gallon/minute low-flow showerhead. If every member of the family takes one 10-minute shower per day, the family will save 73,000 gallons of water in one year. Show work: 6 gal/min ¥ 5 members/family ¥ 10 min/day = 300 gal/day 2 gal/min ¥ 5 members/family ¥ 10 min/day = 100gal/day = 300 gal/day Ð 100 gal/day = 200 gal/day * 365 day/year = 73,000 gal/year b. A family has a rectangular swimming pool that measures 15 feet by 20 feet. If water evaporates from the pool at a rate of 50 gallons per square foot per year and a pool cover will reduce evaporation by 90 percent, the family can save 13,500 gallons of water per year by using a pool cover. Show work: A = 15 ft x 20 ft = 300 ft2 x 50 gal/ft2 = 15000 gal x .90 = 13,500 gal 83. Define the following: pH: A measure of the H+ concentration. Used to determine the acidity of a solution. The lower the number the more acidic. (7 = neutral). Turbidity: A measure of water clarity. The amount of suspended particles like soil, algae, plankton, etc. can cloud the water. Water hardness: The measure of the amount of calcium and magnesium in the water, which come from the weathering of rocks. Biological oxygen demand: The amount of dissolved oxygen needed by decomposers, such as bacteria, to break down the organics in a water body. Organic waste: Biodegradable wastes that can be broken down in a reasonable amount of time into its base compounds by microorganisms and other living things. Cholera: A bacterial disease cause severe diarrhea and dehydration, usually spread in water. Common in developing countries or areas of poor sanitation. Giardia: An intestinal infection caused by the protozoan giardia, found in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water. Causes extreme diarrhea and weight loss. 84. Label the following diagram of a sewage treatment plant and list the items removed at each step. ! 85. In the box to the right, list the ranks of coal in order from highest to lowest energy content. (indicate the direction in the box.) Peat! (Precursor! to!Coal)! Lignite! Bituminuous! Anthracite! 86. List three air pollutants that are emitted during the burning of coal. (1) Sulfur Dioxide (2) Nitrogen Oxides (3) Mercury Also: Carbon dioxide although its status as an air pollutant is up in the air right now. 87. List five products that are derived primarily from crude oil: Asphalt, gasoline, Diesel Oil, Jet/aviation fuel, Heating oil 88. The acronym OPEC refers to Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries which is important because: ItÕs made up of 13 countries that have 60% of the worldÕs proven crude oil and are therefore likely to run the worldÕs oil supply for decades. Official purpose is to coordinate and unify petroleum policies, create stable markets, etc. 89. Fracking is a common name for Hydraulic Fracturing and it is a concern becauseÉ The forcing open of fissures with water and sand is leading to contaminated drinking water, earthquakes, and the release of methane, which is a greenhouse gas. 90. The acronym ANWR refers to Arctic National Wilderness Refuge, which is important because: It was established in 1960 to preserve duty, to ensure a place for hunter and gathering, protect water quality. Contains largest designated wilderness area in the US. Contains oil reserves that people would like to make available. 91. The Keystone Pipeline refers to the pipeline connecting the US to Canada in order to access the tar/oil sands, which is important because: it raises concern over habitat destruction, possible leaks, and is built on the permafrost which is melting due to climate change. 92. Perform the following calculations: (Show all of your work in a logical progression to the final answer.) a. A family has a total of 1500 Watts of light bulbs throughout their house, if they replace them all with LED light bulbs, which use 90% less energy, the family will now use 150 Watts of electricity. Show work: 1500 W ¥ .10 = 150 W b. A space heater operates at 1500 Watts, if it is used for 10 hours each day for one week and the cost of electricity is 20 cents per kilowatt-hour, it will cost $21.00 to operate the heater for the week. Show work: 1500 W ¥ 10 hours * 1 kW/1000 KW ¥ $0.20 = $3.00 / day ¥ 7 days = 21.00$ 93. The acronym CAFE refers to Corporate Average Fuel Economy, which is important because: They are regulations in the US which are intended to improve the average mpg) of cars and light trucks produced for sal 94. List four things you could do to conserve energy. (1) Use energy start light bulbs and appliances (2) Switch to LED lights bulbs (3) Walk, bike, carpool (4) Double-paned windows 95. Complete the following chart. Mining Technique Open-Pit mining Subsurface mining Strip mining Description Environmental consequences Land above cleared = habitat Removing minerals by digging a large destruction, runoff of sediment, acid hole. mine drainage Extraction of a metal or other resource Cave-ins, explosions, fires, black lung, that is deeper underground. Ex: coal subsidence Utilizes bulldozers, shovels, to remove large chunks of the surface in large Promotes erosion, acid mine drainage strips. Mountaintop removal Ocean Drilling Dynamite is used to remove the tops of mountains to expose the coal underneath. The harvest of natural gas and oil require drilling deep into the subterranean rocks Waste rock and dirt destroys forest, buries streams. Toxic mining materials like arsenic and mercury an overflow from dam structures. Possible spills, explosions 96. Silicon is the active element in most photovoltaic cells. 97. Explain what happened at Three Mile Island, and why it is significant. Three mile island is the United StatesÕ worst and only nuclear event. The reactor partially melted down but only minimal radiation escaped the contaminant unit. 98. Explain how thermal pollution is produced by power plants. In most power plants, large amounts of heat is produced to turn water to steam, which turns a turbine, which is connected to a generator. This steam is condensed and recycled using cooler water. These heated water is returned to a nearby river or stream which can cause thermal shock to organisms living in the lake. 99. Explain what happened at Fukushima Daiichi and why it is significant. Occurred in 2011 when a tsunami hit the nuclear pwer plant. Meltdowns occurred in 3 out of the 6 reactors. No fatalities or radiation sickness was reported. 100. Perform the following calculation. Show all of your work. A radioactive cloud may contain Iodine-131, which has a half-life of 8 days. If the waste must decay to a concentration of less than 0.1% to be considered safe, it will take approximately 80 days days to reach safe levels. Show work: 100/2 à 50/2 à 25/2 à 12.5/2 à 6.25/2 à 3.13/2 à 1.56/2 à 0.78/2 à 0.39/2 à 0.195/2 à 0.0975 10 half lives x 8 days/half live = 80 days 101. Perform the following calculation. (Show all of your work in a logical progression to the final answer.) A family has a 75 m2 solar array on their house, which has an efficiency of 10%. If the average insolation on their array is 6 kWh/m2/day and their average cost of electricity is 20 cents per kilowatt-hour, the family has the capacity to produce $9.0/day worth of electricity daily, and $3,285annually, from the sun. Show work: 75 m2 ¥ 6 kWh/m2/day ¥ 0.10 ¥ $0.20/kWh = $9.0/day ¥ 365 days/year = $3,285 102. For each of the following substances, draw an arrow that points to an unambiguous location along the line, below, representing pH: orange juice; normal rain; ammonia; lime (calcium carbonate); sulfuric acid; acid rain; human blood. 103. Explain what evapotranspiration is and why it is significant. The process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants. Responsible for 15% of atmospheric water. 104. What is different about growing plants hydroponically? Grow the plants in substrate that contains added nutrients, but without soil. 105. In the box, write a series of chemical reactions that leads to the formation of tropospheric ozone in photochemical smog. NOx!+!VOC!+!sunlight!à!O3! 106. The acronym POP refers to Persistant Organic Pollutant which is: an organic compound that is resistant to environmental degradation. They biomagnify as well. They are regulated by the Stockholm convention. 107. Explain what a watershed is and why it is significant. The land area that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substances to the river system. Whatever happens in a watershed affects everything in the watershed. 108. List two environmental benefits of wetlands. 1) Flood control 2) Natural Filter Also: Good habitat for migratory birds and other organisms. 109. Explain how electricity is produced by a dam. A dam is built to block a river from flowing, creating a reservoir. Water from the reservoir is brought through a gate in the dam. As it moves through the dam it turns a turbine, which is connected to a generator. 110. List four characteristics that will result in waste being classified as ÒhazardousÓ 1) Poisonous 111. 2) Chemically Reactive 3) Corrosive 4) Flammable What is a wet scrubber and how does it work? A device used to remove suspended dust particles. The polluted gases come in contact with a liquid, capturing the particles in liquid droplets, which must be treated after the process. 112. In the box below, write a series of chemical reactions that leads to the formation of acid rain. H2O!+!SO3!à!H2SO4! ! H2O!+!NO2!à!HNO3! 113. If the cost of gas is $3.50 per gallon and the average gas mileage of a car is 25 mpg, the cost of driving the car per mile is $0.14 $/mi, or 14 ȼ/mi. Show work: $3.50/gal ¥ 1 gal/25 miles = $0.14 114. The acronym NIMBY refers to Not In My Back Yard which is: opposition by residents to a proposal for a new development because it has a high perceived risk. Rather not have it close by even if it will benefit society. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 115. Identify significant sources of the following air pollutants: Formaldehyde: Building and insulation materials Radon: Naturally occurring in the rocks. Heavy so accumulates in the basement. Mercury: Neurotoxin found in rocks such as coal. Coal combustion provides the largest amoun. Carbon monoxide: Motor vehicle exhaust and fossil fuel combustion. Nitrous oxide: Automobile engines and coal power plants 116. List three specific health effects of lead on humans. Neutroxin Ð can also palsy, paralysis, blindness, mental retardation _______________________________________________________________________________________ 117. Label the four major zones of life in the appropriate areas on the diagram representing a temperate lake in the box to the right. ! 118. List three disinfectants that are commonly used to make drinking water safe during in the water treatment process. 1) Chlorine 2) Ozone 3) UV 119. On the circle to the right, draw out 0, 30, 60 and 90 degree latitude lines. Draw and label the Polar Hadley and Ferrell cells, with the proper circulation pattern for each (clockwise or counterclockwise) Tundra! Taiga! Temperature!Deciduous!forests! and!Temperature!Grasslands! Deserts! Tropical! Rainforests/Savannas! 120. In the box below, write the chemical equation for the formation of carbonic acid from the reaction of water with carbon dioxide. CO2!+!H2O!à!H2CO3! ! The!reaction!goes!both!ways.! 121. ! Identify two places in the environment where the above reaction occurs naturally. 1) In the ocean/lakes, etc. 2) In the blood