Chapter 16 EVPP

Chapter 16 EVPP Which phenomenon shuts down the upwelling of nutrients along the western coast of South America? El Niño Tropical areas have warmer water than areas located in colder areas because __________. tropical areas receive the greatest amount of solar radiation Which of the following statements about ocean water is true? Oceans have a high heat capacity and change temperature slowly. Ocean water is 96.5% water by mass. Most of the remainder consists of _____________. ions from dissolved salts Ecosystem that lies along the shoreline between the farthest reach of the highest tides and the lowest reach of the lowest tide littoral zone Ocean zone where water is dense and sluggish and not affected by winds, sunlight, and daily temperature fluctuations deep zone Tree-dominated ecosystem in tropical and subtropical latitudes that consists of gently sloping sandy and silty coastal areas mangrove forest Area where a river flows into the ocean, mixing fresh water and saltwater estuary Ocean zone that comprises approximately 18% of the ocean's water; where density increases rapidly with depth pycnocline Fishing technique for capturing groundfish bottom trawling About 80% of the ocean's water exists in the ________. deep zone Ocean water is saltiest ________. where there is high evaporation and low precipitation Water in the surface zone of the ocean is, for the most part, ________. well mixed Which of the following are characteristics of currents? driven by temperature driven by gravity driven by wind driven by density differences As ocean water warms from 15 degrees C to 20 degrees C, it ___________. decreases in density The exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific is referred to as ________. El Niño Oceanographers are studying the thermohaline currents to determine ________. whether global climate change may slow or alter their path El Niño and La Niña _________. produce changes of opposite direction in global temperature and precipitation patterns Upwelling ________. results in areas of high primary productivity at the ocean surface Downwelling ________. occurs in areas where surface currents converge, or flow toward each other Bathymetry is best defined as the study of ________. ocean depths In thermohaline circulation of global current systems, surface water is ________. less salty, less dense, and warmer The rapid melting of Greenland's ice cap could disrupt the NADW formation by ________. adding huge amounts of less dense fresh water to the surface of the system What is a characteristic of the photic zone of a freshwater ecosystem? the presence of algae The benthic zone of aquatic environments is defined as the _____. substrate at the bottom of the body of water The _____ ecosystem is the largest of Earth's ecosystems. marine A(n) _____ is a region where fresh water and salt water mix. estuary What five of the following statements about aquatic biomes are true? - Wetlands have slow water movement or no water movement and no turnover. - Estuaries are very productive and are used as breeding grounds by many species of fish. - Tropical coral reefs generally exist in relatively shallow areas of the ocean. - Temperature drives water movement in some lakes. - A freshwater organism permanently attached to the substrate would be unlikely to survive and reproduce in an estuary. What type of farming has led to the destruction of mangroves? shrimp Marine ecosystems that occur on the ocean floor are termed __________. benthic Which was the result of salt marshes being lost due to engineering of the Mississippi River and subsidence from oil and gas drilling? increased flooding during Hurricane Katrina Which type of ocean community is found in the subtidal zone? coral reefs Which coastal habitat is a mixing place of fresh and saltwater? estuary Most of the productivity of the ocean occurs in (on) the _____________. uppermost layer of the ocean called the photic zone The area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents is called the ________. continental shelf Sea otters act as keystone species in the ________. kelp forests Zooxanthellae are ________. symbiotic algae that provide corals with energy via their photosynthetic activity Hydrothermal vents ________. provide chemicals to symbiotic bacteria that support ecosystems at the ocean floor Kelp are ________. large algae that protect shorelines from erosion, and supply shelter and food for invertebrates and fish Salt marshes ________. occur mostly in temperate areas What is a possible cause of red tides? excessive nutrient concentrations Which ocean pollutant can enter the tissues of marine organisms and make fish and shellfish unsafe for us to eat? mercury Which is the largest source of oil input into the world's oceans? seeps from naturally occurring seafloor deposits Excessive nutrient concentrations in the oceans give rise to population explosions of __________. phytoplankton Which is the cause of oil pollution that manifests itself as small amounts over time as a result of leaks from boats and runoff from land? non-point sources The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 ________. required that by 2015 all oil tankers in U.S. water be double hulled Which of the following is true of eutrophication in marine systems? It can lead to algal blooms and red tides that kill fish. Red tides are caused by ________. nutrient pollution leading to marine algae blooms In 2006, Congress ________ to address the issue of solid wastes in oceans. passed the Marine Debris Research, Prevention and Reduction Act What fishing method involves dragging weighted nets across the ocean floor in an attempt to catch groundfish? bottom-trawling Which is the correct term to describe fish and other ocean organisms that are caught accidentally along with the targeted fish? bycatch Populations in ocean fisheries have been dropping for decades, but the amount of fish caught has not declined. What factor is responsible for masking this drop in fish populations? Advanced technology has allowed fishing fleets to find fish more efÏciently. What fishing method would be most appropriate if a fisherman wants to catch benthic fish? bottom trawling Which of the following is NOT a bycatch of longline fishing? benthic organisms What are groundfish? various species that live in benthic habitats, such as halibut and flounder Currently, the greatest ecological crisis facing marine food webs is ________. overharvesting A 2003 study reported that ________% of large-bodied fish and sharks were lost in the first decade of industrialized fishing. 90 Approximately ________% of the world's marine fish populations are either fully exploited or overexploited. 80 Bycatch ________. refers to the accidental capture of animals Most present-day fisheries managers ________. wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference Which ocean management strategy has a goal of setÝng aside areas of the ocean to be free of human interference? ecosystem-based management A marine protected area is _______. a term to describe any portion of the ocean that is protected from some human activities but may be open to others, such as the laying of cables and some fishing Which method maintains fish populations at maximum harvest rates while ensuring that there are fish available for the future? maximum sustainable yield Which of the following ocean areas would be a true protected area, free of fishing? marine reserves What is true regarding marine reserves? They tend to increase species diversity. Most marine-protected areas ________. are along the coastlines of developed nations Marine reserves ________. are "no-take" areas in the oceans In 1992, the Canadian government ________. ordered a complete ban on cod fishing hydroelectric power accounts for approximately how much of the world's electricity production? 16% The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 completely prevents a designated waterway from being dammed