Contextualization

Unit 1: Contextualization Postclassical ➔ The decline of classical civilization occurred by the decline in trade, intellectual innovation, and social stability. ➔ New centralized states that promoted peace and prosperity emerged. ➔ The Silk Roads, Indian Ocean trade networks, and the trans-Saharan trade routes because busy with new goods (technologies/ideas) ➔ Deadly diseases spread across these routes. ➔ Spread of Islam ➔ Before 500 CE, many classical powers like Rome, Han China, and Gupta India dominated. However, between 500-1200, these powers fell and their regions became decentralized. ➔ Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasty ➔ Roman Catholic Church in Europe ➔ Abbasid Empire ➔ After the death of Muhammad in 632, Islam spread fast from Arabia. This religion was able to reach India and Spain through missionaries ➔ Following the decline of the Okmecs in Mesoamerica, new civilizations, such as the Mayamds, the Aztecs, and the Incas rose. ➔ As the Roman Empire decline in power in the 5th and 6th centuries, Western Europe entered the Middle Ages (trade decline, intellectual life receded, and smaller kingdom took power) The World in 1200 ➔ Africa, Europe, and Asia were connected through Indian Ocean trade, Silk Roads, and trans-Saharna trade routes. ➔ The Byzatine Empire and variously Islmaic empires provided some stability in Eastern Europe/Middle East/South Asia ➔ China and Dar al-Islam was the center of learning and innovation. ➔ Western Europe and Japan had decentralized systems of government (land-owning nobles) ➔ Africa remained mainly stateless. ➔ Large empires emerged, which were shaped by regional trade (increasing since 600) ➔ By 1200, these regions are once again unifying. Europe, China, South Asia, and regional powers in Africa and the Americas are both building on their paths by infusing traditional religions and philosophies into their societies while also advancing economically and technologically. ➔ The Song Dynasty in China was the most innovative empire in the world. ➔ Africa and Southeast Asia had large growth of regional trade, producing larger and more complex states than before. Evidence Beyond the Document - Unit 1 ➔ Civil Service Exam ➔ Scholar Gentry ➔ Champa rice ➔ Filial Piety ➔ Foot binding ➔ Grand Canal ➔ Proto-industrialization ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ Woodblock Printing (China) Heian Period Neo-Confucianism Spread of Buddhism House of Wisdom Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (intellectual / math) Bhakti Movement Human sacrificing Temple of the Sun Kin-based networks Manorial system Serfs Crusades Marco Polo (traveler) Renaissance Unit 2: Contextualization: ➔ Economic activity along existing trade routes increase through technological and commercial innovation, imperial expansion, and demand for luxury goods. ➔ Rise of powerful states and empires played a critical role in increasing the volume and geographical reach of existing trade networks. ➔ Powerful new trading cities emerged across AFrica and Eurasia (cross-cultural exchanges - religions and ideas) ➔ Before 1200, trade networks were largely local, usually between civilizations bordering each other. However, with more technological inventions allowing merchants to travel farther more efficiently, and the growing demand for goods in growing empires, trade routes began to rapidly expand. ➔ As the routes (such as the Silk Roads) began to spread, they carried new goods and ideas with them, such as Buddhism and the development of diasporic communities where merchants settled down in different states other than their own. Knowledge began to travel faster than ever before. ➔ Silk road was essential to interregional trade in the 14th and 15th centuries. ➔ Before Missionaries and imperial amries spread Islam around the world, Muslim merchantes traveled to non-Mislim lands in search of trading partners ➔ Trade increased in Africa during the 7th and 8th century with the arrival of Muslim merchants Evidence Beyond the Document ➔ Magnetic Compass ➔ Rudder ➔ Junk ➔ Samarkand ➔ Caravanserai ➔ Paper Money ➔ Banking Houses ➔ Hanseatic League ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ Golden Horde Ilkhanate of Period Yuan Dynasty Bubonic plague Genghis Khan Chagatai Khanate Spice Islands Monsoon winds Lateen Sails Stern rudder Astrolabe Diasporic Communities Zhang He Camel saddles Timbuktu Mansa Musa Magnetic compass Black Death Ibn Battuta (Muslim traveler) Marco Polo (Italian traveler) Champ rice Unit 3: Contextualization ➔ Land-based empires existed before this time period; they had direct po;itcal control over large regions and overland trade routes. ➔ Gunpowder technology was getting better, making it easier to use guns en masse . Intensification of trade routes also occurred on land, meaning that the new empires would have access to a larger pool of resources than their predecessors. ➔ These empires were different, but a few continuities remained. Religion and cultural ideas continued to play a role, and even spread within empires. Empires continued to be absolute, with most maintaining strict political and economic control over their domains. Evidence Beyond the Document ➔ Tamerlane (Mongol Empire) ➔ Mehmed II (Ottomon Sultan) ➔ Ivan IV (Russia) ➔ Suleiman I (Ottoman Empire) ➔ Gutenberg printing press ➔ Gunpowder ➔ Akbar (Mughal) ➔ Shah Abbas I (Safavid Empire) ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ Ismail (Safavid Empire) Serfdom Boyars Romanov Dynasty Daimyo Tokugawa shogunate Zamindars Taj Mahal Ottoman Tax Farming Martin Luther (Protestant Reformation) Indulgences John Calvin (Calvinism) Protestant Reformation Jesuits Council of Trent Sikhism Scientific Revolution Mughal zamindar tax collection Ottoman tax farming Unit 4: Contextualization ➔ Before 1450, regional trade was all the rage as the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean network, and Trans-Saharan routes exploded with more merchants and goods flowing. ➔ By 1450, Europeans were set on finding a faster route to Asia. Relying on overland trade was too slow and you couldn’t bring all that many goods with you on a camel’s back. Maritime trade would prove to be far more economically efficient. ➔ But as of yet, the fastest way to Asia was through the Mediterranean, which was monopolized by the Byzantines followed by the Ottomans. ➔ The astrolabe created before this time period allowed sailors to continue to know their location while the caravel allowed sailors to survive storms. ➔ Maritime empires transformed commerce from local, small scale trading, most based on barter, to large-scale international trade using goal and silver. ➔ As society faced rebellions from outside and within, social hierarchies began to develop and transform. ◆ In Europe, the treatment of Jews showed that majority traded non-majority ethic group in different ways. Evidence Beyond the Document: ➔ Astronomical chart ➔ Carrack ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ Caravel Fluty Prince Henry the Navigator (first European monarch to sponsor expedition) Bartholomew Diaz (sailed around the southern tip of Africa) Vasco Da Gama (sailed farther east than Diaz, landing in India) Ferdinand Magellan (first to circumnavigate the globe; died) Trading-post empires Mercantilism Smallpox Transatlantic slave trade African Diaspora in the Americas Columbian Exchange Indentured servitude Chattel slavery Asante Empire Kingdom Of Kongo East India Company Economeinda Hacienda Silver Trade in Americas (Spanish) Mit’a system The Indian Ocean Slave Trade Middle Passage Joint-stock companies Limited liability Dutch East India Company Triangular trade Culture syncretism Maroon wars Pueblo Revolt Unit 5: Contextualization ➔ Before the 1800s, most people lived in large multi-ethnic empires or small homogenous kingdoms. ➔ As empires expanded and trade routes led to more interactions, intellectuals such as Descartes began to emphasize reason over tradeion and individualism over community values. ➔ Ideas from the Scientific Revolution of leaning away from religion and more scientific thought led to Enlightenment. ➔ Humanism from the renaissance ➔ The clash between new ideas and old political structures led to revolutions. ➔ Before the Industrial Revolution, an agricultural revolution resulted in increased productivity (Crop rotation and the seed drill) Evidence Beyond the Document ➔ John Locke (Social Contract) ➔ Baron Montesquieu (Checks and balances) ➔ Voltaire (Advocate for civil liberties) ➔ Adam Smith (Capitalism / The Wealth of Nations ) ➔ Deism (God set natural laws in motion) ➔ Liberalism ➔ Socialism ➔ Feminime (Mary Wollstonecraft / Seneca Falls Convention) ➔ Zionism (The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors have lived in the Middle-East) ➔ American Revolution (Declaration of Independence) ➔ French Revolution (Reign of Terror/Declaration of the Right of Man) ➔ Hatian Revolution (Maroons / Toussaint L’Ouverture) ➔ Italian Unification (Realpolitik) ➔ German Unification (Otto von Bismarck) ➔ Latin American Revolution (Simon Bolivar) ➔ Spinning jenny (James Hargreaves) ➔ Cottage industry ➔ Water frame (Richard Arkwright) ➔ Favorty System ➔ Interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney) ➔ Division of labor ➔ Specialization of Labor ➔ Steam engine (James Watt) ➔ Transcontinental railroad ➔ Second Industrial Revolution ➔ Muhammad Elit (Cootage indsutry in Egypt) ➔ Matthew Perry ➔ Corporation ➔ Stock market ➔ Cecil Rhodes (Diamonds and aparthied) ➔ Honk Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation ➔ Unilever Corporation ➔ John Stuart Mill (utilitarianism) ➔ Karl Marx (Communist Manifesto) ➔ Tanzimat Reforms (Ottoman) ➔ Self-Strengthening Movement/Hundred Days Reform (Qing) ➔ Tenements Unit 6: Contextualization ➔ Industrial growth fostered a wider exchange of commodities,the expansion of overseas empires, and new patterns of migration. ➔ Competition among industrialized states increased the desire for colonies ➔ New means of transportation and the pull of economic opportunity spurred long-distance migration and a larger trend of global urbanization. ➔ Lack of resources led to the need of colonies, as well as competing against rivals. Evidence Beyond the Document ➔ Social Darwinism ➔ East India Company ➔ Berlin Conference ➔ Scramble for Africa ➔ King Leopold II (Congo - used colony for own personal benefit) ➔ Spheres of influences ➔ Taiping Rebellion ➔ Boxer Rebellion ➔ Australia and New Zealand Penal Colony ➔ Monroe Doctrine ➔ Ghost Dance ➔ Indian Removal Act ➔ Sepoy Rebellion ➔ Xhosa Cattle Killing ➔ Cash Crops ➔ Opium War ➔ Indentured Servants ➔ Great Potato Famine ➔ Mohandus Gandhi ➔ Chinese Immigartion ACt ➔ White Australia