1901-1910 ● 1904 Max Faktor emigrated from Poland to the U.S. by 1908 he changed his name to Max Factor moved to Los Angeles and began selling and creating makeup ● On October 8, 1906, Charles Nessler invented a heavily wired machine that supplied an electrical current to metal rods around which hair strands were wrapped. Long hair was wound from the scalp to the ends in a technique called spiral wrapping. Croquignole: In this method, shorter hair was wound from the ends toward the scalp. ● Sara Breedlove was a daughter of former slaves and was orphaned at the age of seven when she went to work at the cotton fields of the Mississippi delta. In 1906, Sarah married her third husband C.J. Walker, and became known as Madame C.J. Walker. She suffered from a scalp condition and lost her hair which started her experimentations and started selling scalp conditioning and healing products called “Madam Walker’s Wonderful Hair Grower.” In 1910, she moved her company to Indianapolis where she built a factory,hairsalon, and training school. In 1917 she organized a convention for her Madam C.J. Walker Hair Culturalists Union of America. This was one of the first national meetings for business women ever held. ● In 1872, Marcel Grateau (AKA Francois Marcel) invented the first curling iron—tongs heated by a gas burner. Later around 1923, he created an electric version. 1920 The cosmetic industry from advertisements from $390,000 in 1927 to $3.2 million in 1930 1930 ● ● ● ● ● In 1931 the preheat perm method was invented (clamps that had been preheated by a separate electrical unit were placed over the wound curls from the croquignole method. An alternative to the machine curl was introduced in 1932 using a method using heat generated by a chemical reaction. In 1932,nearly 4,000 years after the first recorded nail-color craze, Charles Revson of Revlon fame marketed the first nail polish—as opposed to nail stain—using formulas that were borrowed from the automobile paint industry. Also in 1932, Lawrence Gelb, a New York Chemist, introduced the first permanent haircolor product and founded a company called Clairol. In 1935 Max Factor created pancake makeup to make actors' skin look natural on color film. In 1938, Arnold F. Willatt invented the cold wave that used no machines or heat. 1940 In 1941, scientists invented another method of permanent waving that used waving lotion. Because this perm did not use heat, it was also called a cold wave. Cold waves replaced virtually all predecessors and competitors. In fact, the terms cold waving and permanent waving became practically synonymous. 1951-2000 ● ● ● ● ● Second half of the twentieth century saw the introduction to tube mascara, improved hair care and nail products, and the boom and then death of the weekly salon appointment. In the late 1960s, Vidal Sassoon turned the hairstyling world on its ear with the geometric cuts, [The 1970s saw a new era in highlighting when french hairdressers introduced the art of hair weaving and using aluminum foil.] In 1980 makeup went full circle, from barely there to heavily made-up “cat eyes” and the heavy use of eyeshadows and blush. In the 1990s, hair color became gentler, allowing all ethnicities to enjoy being blonde,brunette,or a redhead.In 1998, Creative Nail Design introduced the first spa pedicure system to the professional beauty industry.